subject + predicate
subject -
main subject- just one word
complete subject - subject plus all modifiers
predicate-
main predicate - just the verb
complete predicate - verb + anything else, object, prepositional phrase
When we are writing sentences, we have to know what our subject and verb is. Always! If not, we'll make mistakes with subject verb agreement.
My sister are a nurse. XXX agr
My sister is a nurse.
#1 error
My sister like to play volleyball. XXX agr
My sister likes to play volleyball.
was making - past progressive
Johan was making good money when he lived in Kuwait.
thunder and lightning
It has been raining all day.
present perfect progressive/continuous
present - up to now
perfect - lasts some time
progressive - "ing" verb , action is ongoing
I have been studying English for 20 years.
We all need more encouragement.
encouragement (n) - cheering up, inspiration, talk to someone to improve something
courage (n) - bravery (n)
en+courage - give them courage
courageous (a) - brave (a)
We all need to take care of ourselves.
We need to take care of ourselves.
we all - emphasizes all of us together, cohesive group
Ten people were waiting at the bus stop with me. We got on the bus when it came.
Mary's birthday is tomorrow. We all chipped in to buy her a cake.
chipped in - each contributed some money, each helped
Stress has become Stan's new companion. He is usually stressed, more than ever.
companion - friend, somebody who spends time with you
companion animals - pet - dog, cat,
comfort animal - for anxious people, nervous, worried
therapy dogs
seeing-eye dog
golden retriever - hunting dog
retrieve - bring back
golden doodle - half golden retriever/ half poodle
- do not shed (lose hair)
- hypoallergenic - no allergies
- You won't get stuffed up
Item II: More Subjects and Predicates
-simple sentences
a. imperative sentence
command, tell someone to do something
no subject, implied subject
verb
"Come in."
"You come in." XXX
"(You) Come in." implied subject, don't say it
"Watch out."
"Look both ways before you cross the street."
a mother's advice- imperative
"Be honest. Work hard. Tell the truth. Be nice to your sister."
"Take care."
"Pay attention."
"Have fun."
"Get out."
"Shut your stupid mouth!"
"Go for it!"
"Behave yourself." "Act your age."
b. interrogative sentence - question
You are happy.
Are you happy? question mark
What time is it?
What's going on?
How are you?
Did you finish your work?
c. here/there - never subjects, they point to something else in the sentence
Here are your keys.
Here is your key.
Here is your set of keys.
There are your mukluks.
There is your pair of mukluks.
pair of shoes, boots, gloves, glasses
scissors, pants
These are your scissors. #
This is your pair of scissors. #
d. infinitives and gerunds
infinitive- verb form - to go, to eat, to sleep
to vvv, to walk, to live, to run
gerund - word form, looks like a verb but is a noun
vvving, walking, sleeping, eating, studying, playing (nouns)
I love walking in the park with my dog.
Walking in the park with my dog is very relaxing.
Skiing is fun.
Studying English is difficult/challenging.
To walk in the park is relaxing. grammatically ok, but very unusual, avoid it
Skiing is fun. Very authentic English
To ski is fun. - nobody talks like that, not authentic English
Use the gerund, not the infinitive, to begin a sentence.
Living in Canada has been hard but good.
e. The cat is asleep (on the bed).
The girl (beside the tree) is my sister.
f. You and I are friends.
Sarah loves to sing but doesn't like to perform.
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