Paragraph:
Topic sentence
Body sentences
Concluding sentence


SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX sentences

Topic: What will you do on Sunday?

EF3/4 Phrasal verbs

phrasal verbs - verb + preposition

Extremely important
natural, authentic English, real Engish, everyday English

sleeping
get up
get out of bed
wake up
lay down
sleep in - sleep longer than usual
Do you like to sleep in on Saturdays?
I am a morning person. I am not a morning person.
I am a night owl.

You get on a bus.
You get on a train/airplane.
You get on the Skytrain.
You get on a bicycle.
You get on a skateboard.
You get in a car.
You get in a taxi/cab.


look for - search for 
look up - search on the internet, computer, Google, DuckDuckGo

sit down - take a seat
Sit up. - Sit up straight.
Stand up straight. You are slouching. She slouches. Maria has poor posture. She should improve her posture.

Take off your hat when we sing the national anthem.
I have to take off in five minutes. I have to take off. I have to take off at 12:30.

You put on your clothes. You put on your glasses.
You put on your makeup. You put in your contacts.

"Hey! Your shoelaces are untied. You are going to trip."

You get off a train/plane/bus/bicycle/ horse/camel.
You get out of a car/taxi/

You get off the bed. You get out of the bed.
Get off the couch!

He is a couch potato. He is very lazy and watches a lot of TV and eats snacks.

When she visits Vancouver, she couch surfs with friends.

Examples: http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/phrasals.htm

EF5/6 Causative verbs

Causative verbs: cause, cause and effect
causation
verbs that make other verbs happen
-a verb that causes an action to occur

help, allow, invite, require, motivate, get, convince, hire, assist, encourage, permit, employ, force, tell, ask

"Mary helped Ann to get a job." help - get

"I help my son to finish his math."

"Joan invited her friends to the party." NOT CAUSATIVE

"Joan invited her friends to come to the party."

"Joe convinced his brother to buy a new shirt."

"Steve told his colleague to go grab some lunch."

grab some coffee (casual, friendly)- get some coffee

let - allow

"She allowed her son to play video games."

"She allowed her son to do his homework." XXX

"She allowed her son to play video games."

causative verb + infinitive "to aaa"

"She let her son play video games."

let + infinitive -'to'

let play

let = allow

Let's go! Let's to go!

"The teacher let the class have one hour to do the math test."

"The driving instructor let the teenager drive on the highway.

"The driving instructor allowed the teenager to drive on the highway.

Let's go! - different use of 'let'

EF5/6 subject verb agreement

fun/funny - (adj) different meanings
fun - enjoyable time
It was a fun party. I had lots of fun.
funny - humorous, laughing
The joke was funny.
It was funny when the old man was popping.

"Skiing was very funny." XXX
"Skiing was very fun."


"your country's food"
If you want to eat your country's food, you can go to a restaurant." XXX TRANSLATION
If you want to eat food from your country, you can go to a restaurant."

cuisine - style of food, fancy word, nice quality food
"McDonalds is not cuisine."
Italian cuisine
Japanese cuisine
Persian cuisine


"many countries' people" XXX
"people from many countries"

"She likes cats, dog, fish, squirrels." XXX
"She likes cats, dog, fish, and squirrels."
"aaa, bbb, ccc, and ddd."

"She likes lots of types of animals: cats, dog, fish, and squirrels."

"advice" uncountable noun, non-count
advices XXX
"a lot of advice"
"some advice" "I want to give my son some advice about being honest."



"many advices" XXX
"lots of advice"
"pieces of advice"
"a few pieces of advice"
"a couple pieces of advice"
"You gave me a couple good pieces of advice yesterday."

"pieces/slices of pizza"

1. "What advice would you give to a newcomer to      Canada?"

2. "How to Make ..."

EF3/4 Types of paragraphs

Paragraphs - 6-8 sentences that are about one topic

Topic sentence - topic, controlling idea
Body sentences - example, explanation, details
Concluding sentence

4 different kinds of paragraphs:

1. narrative paragraphs
narrative - narrate (v), narrator
A narrative paragraph tells a story.
- short story (6-8 sentences)
- organized by TIME, start at the beginning and go to the end
- Topic sentence
- 4-5 things that happened
- Concluding
"What did you do on Sunday?"

2. descriptive paragraphs
- describe something
- use descriptive words, adjectives - beautiful, sunny, small, sweet, green
- five senses: touch, smell, hearing, taste, sight
We contact the outside world through our five senses.
- organize by SPACE -top to bottom, side to side


3. expository/process paragraphs
- teach how to so something, explain how something works
- step by step, first step to the final step

4. persuasive paragraphs
- persuade, convince somebody
- make them agree



Tomorrow - paragraph to pass in.
narrative - tell a short story
easy topic
(50m)

EF3/4 Phrasal verbs

phrasal verb

verb + preposition
go + out
come + in
look up
take off
pick up
sit down
take out
watch out
stand up
put on
lie down

look at 
look up
look out
look for
look after

WHEN YOU CHANGE THE PREPOSITION, YOU CHANGE THE MEANING

take out
take after "She takes after her mother. She looks like her."
take off
take up - start to do a hobby "She took up yoga last year."

put off -do something later "Mary put off doing the laundry."

turn off the light - "close the light" "open the light" NOT ENGLISH

EF5/6 Expository paragraph

Take a few minutes for Prewriting.
Then write your paragraph.
Hand in just the rough copy.

Expository
(Choose one)
1. Your Advice to a Newcomer to Canada/Vancouver
2. How to Make ...

EF5/6 Special subject verb agreement words

This person is tall.
These people are tall.

collective nouns are singular
The class is/are working hard.
class, group, team, band, army, navy, air force, jury, crowd, audience (audio)

"The jury found the defendant not guilty."
"The jury was in agreement."
"The class is very hardworking."
"The members of the class are hardworking."
"The students in the class are busy."
"The crowd was very rambunctious."
"The young lads were very rambunctious at the football stadium."
lads = young guys


Words that look plural but are singular.
Words that look singular but are plural.

glasses - plural
"His glasses were broken."
earbuds - plural

headphones - plural 
"Maria's earbuds were fragile."
"Joe's headphones were very light."

pants - (plural) trousers (UK), underwear (UK)
jeans - (plural)
"The little kid's pants were dirty."
"Her pants are new."

underwear - singular
"That underwear is very expensive."

pajamas - plural
"The little kid's pajamas were cute."

shorts - plural
The shorts are quick-dry.





shirt- singular
"My shirt is from Winners."

scissors - plural
"The scissors are dull."

pair of ...
This pair of scissors is sharp.
My pair of glasses is for reading.
This pair of pants is too tight.
These pants are too tight.

These shoes are new.
This pair of shoes is too tight.


News - singular
The news is on at 6.
The news was about the election.

Subjects in school are singular
mathematics - singular
physics
"Physics is really hard."
social studies
"Social studies is important to learn, especially for immigrants."
economics
politics

The Philippines is a very hot country.
The United States has no provinces.
The Maldives is in the Indian Ocean.


distances and amounts
cost - $50
A new sweater costs around $50.
$50 is/are expensive for a book.
$50 is one amount of money.
$1 000 000 is a lot of money.
amounts of liquid
pint - amount of beer
Three pints is a lot of beer to drink for  a small person.
Three pints is one amount of liquid.
My guideline for numbers:
1-10 use the words.
4 Four dogs are running in the park.11- oo use the numerals
14 dogs are in the house.

3 three numeral
nine thirty
9:30

Roman numerals:
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
i ii iii iv v vi 

amounts
litres
One pint is .6 l
One pint is 20 ounces
Is this a real pint?

The motorcycle gets 30 km to 1/one litre of gas.
Two litres of gas cost/costs $3.40.
It costs $3.40.

litters - group of baby animals

measurements for cooking
tablespoons tbsp
teaspoon tsp
cup
Five tablespoons of salt is way too much for bread.
Four cups of water is/are approximately one litre.
Four cups is one amount of liquid.

a pinch of salt
Three scoops of ice cream will make a nice dessert.

She is a morose teenager. She is a bit sad and insecure. Also, she is a little depressed.

distances
Six kilometres is a good length for a two-hour hike.

time
A nine-hour flight is pretty tiring, especially when you can't sleep in those small cramped seats.
A nine-week course goes by quickly.

weight
20 pounds is too much weight to try to lose in one month. Five pounds is a more reasonable goal.


"Here" "There" - not subjects, point to something else
Here is/are your books.


one
anyone
someone
everyoen
noone

body
anybody
somebody
everybody
nobody

thinganything
something
everythingnothing
These are all singular.

Anything is...
Everything is on sale.
Everybody is working hard.

Writing process

Very important to be organized.

English 10, 11, 12 - writing is disorganized

Prewriting
1. Analyze the topic.
Read it very carefully. Read every word twice.
"Compare how two characters ..."
Format. Length

2. Generate good ideas, interesting ideas, not boring
List
Brainstorm
Mindmap
Freewriting

3. Organize the ideas
You choose which mode of organization.

* TIME - chronological, step by step
narrative writing, expository, process

* SPACE - physical, top to bottom, side to side, far away to close up
descriptive writing

* IMPORTANCE - least important to most important, most important point last
persuasive writing


Writing

4. Rough copy/draft
Topic sentence
Body sentences
Concluding sentence

5. Proofread and edit.
Make the corrections that you need to.
vt   vf    punc    wf      sp     agr      cs      frag

6. Good copy
Pass in the rough copy. As long as it is legible/readable, it is ok.


Expository topic (teach):
1. How to Get into Healthy Shape
2. How to Plan a Perfect Party
3. How to Overcome Insomnia (can't sleep)

Follow our process.
Prewriting - no sentences, just plan
1. Analyze the topic.
2. Generate ideas
3. Organize
Writing
4. First draft - topic sentence, body sentences, concluding sentence
5. Proofread and edit
6. Good copy Pass in the rough copy.

The process helps to get the writing organized. Also, the process helps to separate getting the ideas and writing the sentences.

EF3/4 Sentence combining "Dad at Home"

Dad at Home
1. Jackie's dad is a truck driver.
He has driven for twenty years.
COMBINE THEM
Jackie's dad is a truck driver, and he has driven for twenty years. COMPOUND
Jackie's dad has been a truck driver for twenty years. SIMPLE
Jackie's dad is a truck driver who has driven for twenty years. COMPLEX

He is taking a year off.
He will be with Jackie.
COMBINE
He is taking a year off, and he will be with Jackie.
He is taking a year off with Jackie.
He is taking a year off to be with Jackie.

2. He now works at home.
FIND NEW INFORMATION. AVOID REPETITION/REPEAT
He works with Jackie.

He now works at home, and he works with Jackie. NOT GOOD STYLE, REP

He now works at home with Jackie. BETTER STYLE

He now works at home with Jackie.
He works as a parent.
He now works as a parent at home with Jackie.
He now works at home as a parent with Jackie.
He now works at home with Jackie as a parent.
The parenting is a full-time job.

He now works at home with Jackie as a full-time parent.

His full-time job now is working at home with Jackie as a parent.

DO WHAT YOU CAN. IF YOU CAN'T COMBINE THEM ALL, THAT'S OK. JUST DO SOME OF THEM.

3. They clean and repair the house.
They cook the meals, shop, and have fun.

LET'S TRY TO JOIN THESE TOGETHER
They clean and repair the house.
They cook the meals, shop, and have fun.

After they clean and repair the house,
they cook the meals, shop, and have fun.

They clean and repair the house; also, they cook the meals, shop, and have fun.

They clean and repair the house, cook the meals, shop, and have fun.

We come to school, study English, and have a good time together.

WE ARE BUILDING OUR ABILITY TO WRITE SENTENCES

4. They play in the afternoon, paint, picnic, go to the movies, and cycle.
In the afternoon, they play , paint, picnic, go to the movies, and cycle.
In the afternoon, they cycle to the movies, play, paint, or have a picnic.

TOP QUALITY SENTENCES

She likes fish, cats, dogs, horses. XXX
She likes fish, cats, dogs, and horses.

5. Jackie is four, and she enjoys each day spent with her dad. COMPOUND
Jackie who is four enjoys each day spent with her dad. COMPLEX - adj cl
Jackie who is four enjoys spending each day with her dad.

I like talking to you.
She enjoys going for a walk with her dog.

EF3/4 Noun clauses

noun clauses - used with internal mind verbs : think, believe, understand, know
action verbs - say, tell

that why how

Joan thinks that it will rain later today.
Mary doesn't know why the cookies turned out bad.
DIFFERENT STYLE: 
You know how S V to speak English.
You know how you can to speak English.
Mary's cousin knows how to play piano.
SHOWS ABILITY
Jie's son doesn't know how to do his own laundry.

I know how to speak English fairly well.
fairly well = pretty good
I know how to speak Japanese a little bit.
I know how to drive a car.
I know how to cook the best food.

Ex. B
whom - not used, forget about it, not important
1. Tell me who you saw at the party.
2. Who came to party?
Tell me who came to the party. IMPERATIVE
3. Do you know who Helen talked to?
4. Do you know who lives at that apartment?
5. Tell me what happened.
6. Tell me what he said.
7. I can't remember what kind of car Jim has.
8. I can't even remember how old their children are.
9. Could you please tell me where I can catch the bus?
10. Do you know who broke the window?
11. I don't know who Sara invited.
12. Do you know how long Ted has been living here?
13. Can you tell me what time Flight 677 is 
supposed to arrive?
14. Do you know why Yoko is angry?

* Try a few of your own, from your own imagination.

Who is your father?
Can you tell me who your father is?
Tell me who your father is.

I don't know how much the car is/costs.

What kind/breed of cat is that?
Tell me what kind/breed of cat that is.

species - kind of animal, lion, dog, camel, giraffe, horse
breed - types of one species

race - different races of humans, racism, racist

car race -

I can't remember when Tom's birthday is.
I can't remember what your name is.
I can't remember why I came into the kitchen.

It went down the wrong way.

EF5/6 Paragraph and sentences

The boy rescued the kitten from the well. ACTIVE VOICE
The kitten was rescued from the well. PASSIVE VOICE

But it was cold that night. XXX Very casual, not great for school writing, not academic or professional

But it was cold that night.
, but
However, it was cold that night.
Besides, it was cold that night.
Nevertheless, it was cold that night.

This is very high-quality sentence writing. They're good enough for UBC.

This was the park that had the playground. COMPLEX - adj cl
This was the park where S V.

This was the park where we played soccer.
This was the park that we played soccer in.
CHOICE
This was the park in which we played soccer. VERY VERY FORMAL, like 'whom'

'Where' has to do with 'played'.

This is the house where we live now.
This is the house that we live in now.

This is the house that has big windows.
SHEC is the school that is on Fraser Street.

SHEC is the school where we study English.
SHEC is the school that we study English at/in.


You don't have to use 'where', but it is an option.

I have a secret safe where I keep my chocolate. I have a secret safe that I keep my chocolate in.


literally 
I was literally laughing out loud. NOT THE MEANING

There was a river that name is Zijiang. XXX
There was a river that is called Zijiang.
It is a tributary of the Yongzi River . 

I have a friend who name is Sarah. XXX
I have a friend whose name is Sarah. 
I have a friend who is named Sarah. 
I have a friend named Sarah. MOST AUTHENTIC

An ocean or a sea has a beach.
A river has a riverbank.
I take my dog swimming at a sandy riverbank on the Fraser River.
a rocky riverbank
a sandy riverbank
a muddy riverbank
a grassy riverbank
a marshy riverbank

s'mores- graham crackers, marshmallows, chocolate
Toast it over a campfire.
Can I have s'more?
Can I have some more?

EF5/6 Paragraph review

Paragraphs:

Topic sentence - topic, controlling idea
Body - 4,5,6 sentences , examples, tell a story
Concluding sentence - wrap up sentence

7-9 sentences

Don't write too much. Don't make it too long!

Main concern - the quality of the sentences

A priority is high-quality sentences.
SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX

EF3/4 Group chatting topics

Small group discussion (5-6 people)

1. If you could have anything you want, what would you ask for? Why?
2. If you could be anyone in the world, who would you be? Why?

EF3/4 Paragraphs

Paragraphs - 5-6 sentences about one topic

Start - topic sentence
first sentence in the paragraph
Gives the topic and also gives the controlling idea 
topic - what the paragraph is about
controlling idea - your opinion, your focus

Question: What did you do on the weekend?

Topic sentence - topic - what did this weekend
                          - cont idea - good? busy? fun?

      My weekend was very busy because we had guests from out of town.

      This weekend we just worked in our garden and stayed home.

Middle - body - example sentences, details, 4-5 sentences

End - concluding sentence - wrap up the paragraph, restate the topic sentence

Example paragraph:

How was your weekend?

        My Sunday was very busy because we had guests from out of town. On Sunday morning, we took them to Granville Island to walk around. Then we had some lunch at a restaurant there. Afterwards, we took the Seabus to the other side of False Creek and then walked around the Seawall. At night, we stayed home and played games with the kids. We had a really fun Saturday together.

Practice paragraph - tell a little story (6-8 sentences)
Topic: What did you do on Sunday?

* Very important - Remember your sentence styles. SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX


Topic sentence relates the the question

What did you do on Sunday?

TS:    On Sunday, I was very busy.

Body:In the morning I made breakfast.
  
Body sentences
Concluding sentence

6-8 sentences



     I had a good day on Sunday. In the morning, we had breakfast at a restaurant. Then we went for a walk in Central Park. At lunch time, we had to drive my daughter to taekwondo lessons, so we couldn't have lunch. At 2 o'clock, we went home and had an early supper. Next, we watched a movie together. Our Sunday together was very pleasant but a little busy.

Topic sentence
Body sentences
Concluding sentence 

EF3/4 Sentence types and noun clauses

Types of sentences
SIMPLE
COMPOUND
COMPLEX

That's everything.

COMPLEX
adverb clauses
adjective clauses - that who which
noun clauses - that why how

adjective clauses
who - people
that - everything
which - special things, unique things, not alive

Mary's neighbour who is retired likes to garden.

Mary's neighbour who is retired he likes to garden. XXX
Mary's neighbour who is retired.He likes to garden.
Mary's neighbour is retired. He likes to garden.
2 simples

COMBINE THESE TOGETHER
Mary's neighbour is retired. He likes to garden. 2 SIMPLES
Mary's neighbour is retired, and he likes to garden. COMPOUND ,SOBA
Mary's neighbour who is retired likes to garden.
COMPLEX

Our goal is to be able to write all three types of sentences.

It is a nice day. SIMPLE
It is a nice day, so let's go to the beach. COMPOUND
It is a nice day because the sun is out. COMPLEX

Complex sentence - noun clauses
We use noun clauses with verbs that have to do with things that happen in our minds:
think, know, believe, understand, feel, make sure
say, tell
* that, how, why


Joanne thinks that S V.
Joanne thinks that her son is handsome. noun clause
He thinks that it is a nice day.
I don't know why she is so mad today.
She doesn't know how she will pay her bills this month.
Joan always makes sure that her daughter has a good lunch for school.
Steve said that he will be late today.
Michelle felt that Dave was not telling the truth.
My mother told me that she would come for a visit in August.

Exercise A
1. I don't know who she is.
I don't know who is she. XXX
Who is she?
2. I don't know who they are.

Noun clause S V

3. What is that? I don't know what that is.
4. Do you know what those are.
5. I don't know whose book that is.
6. I don't know whose books those are.
7. What is a wrench? I don't know what a wrench is.
8. I wonder who that woman is.
9. I wonder whose house that is.
I wonder whose jacket this is.
I wonder whose purse this is.
10. Don't you know what a clause is?
11. I don't know what is in that drawer. S+V
12. I wonder what is on TV tonight.
13. Could you tell me whose glasses those are?
14. He doesn't know who I am.
15. The little girl wants to know what is at the end of the rainbow.























He has a dog that barks whenever the letter carrier comes into the yard. adj cl   adv cl
The neighbour wears a gold ring which his wife gave him.

EF5/6 Friday class

consciously? unconsciously?
When comparing ...
When we compare ...
"She is happiest when she is swimming in the ocean."
"She is happiest when swimming in the ocean."
ing to replace SV

...we find more differences than similarities.
"When it comes to people around the world, I think we have more similarities than differences."

Do not prolong eye contact during a conversation.
prolong (v) to keep going

the other person's eyes  ' apostrophe
' shows possession "Jack's bicycle"
' contraction    wasn't   he's   don't

He looks directly into the sun.

I consider the matter settled.
I feel it is cold.
I find it cold.
I find it is expensive.
I find him very funny.
I find the soup salty.
I think that the soup is salty.
I looked into my wife's eyes for two minutes. She found it very odd/weird/strange/awkward.

She uses a lot of hand movements while she is speaking.
She uses a lot of hand movements while speaking.
Don't text while driving.

She has gold earrings; she wears them only occasionally.

We have a lot in common.


Small groups. Talk with someone new.
A funny or scary thing that happened when you were a kid.

EF3/4 Discussion topics

move (v)
I moved to Vancouver since 1997. XXX SIMPLE
I moved to Vancouver in 1997.
I lived in Vancouver since 1997.

since - time, reason
Mary moved to Burnaby since Vancouver was too expensive.


Group talking (4-5 people together)
Topics:
1. Tell the group about a childhood/teenaged sweetheart/crush.
2. What are your plans for this Sunday?

EF3/4 Adjective clause exercises

adjective clauses - who, that, which

that - everything, animals
who - people
which - special things, unique things, not alive

Examples:
Mary bought a car that is electric.
I bought a car that has a clean title. (no accidents)
Jie has a jade necklace that / which her grandmother gave her. It's special.
Joe's friends are all people who like to party.
'who' is for singular (one person) or plural (more than one- 2, 106)

Ex.5
1. I would never marry a person who smokes and drinks too much.
2. My brother bought a dog that is black and white.
My brother bought a dog that is black and white colour. XXX
My brother bought a dog that has black and white fur.
3. The doctor who treated me was from Pakistan.
The doctor who gave me a treatment was from Pakistan.
4. She will never forget the day which/that/when she got a promotion. CHOICE
5. Rosa fell in love with the man who his whose brother works in Gino's restaurant.
whose - possession, own something, have something
The boy whose bicycle was stolen was very sad.
Who stole the bicycle?
The mother whose son won the race was proud.

'who' several different uses
question - 'Who is there?"
adj cl - "The man who is walking past my house has a cute chihuahua."

whose - possession
question
"Whose bicycle was stolen?"
"Whose jacket is this?"

6. Elephants that/which eat plants and bushes are the largest animals in the world.
7. Last month, my brother bought a car that cost $12 000.
cost cost costed
8. Nestor met a woman who wrote two books.

My brother got a dog that is black and white.
My brother got a car that was $12 000.
My brother got a car that is a lemon.
The car is a lemon. It gives me nothing but problems.
9. The ring that/which Josie gave her daughter was made of cubic zirconium, not real diamonds.
10. Hank Crowley wore a jacket that had black and white stripes.

EF5/6 Sentence combining

sentence combining - very good way to learn to write sentences
excellent practice - very practical
much more effective than studying grammar

take several sentence - take important information in each sentence and then put it togther into one sentence


1. I like Italian cooking. KERNEL
kernel - centre
everything will be build around the kernel

I like Italian cooking.
I like Chinese cooking. Find new information, avoid repetition

I like Italian cooking.
Chinese ADD THIS WORD

I like Italian and Chinese cooking.

I like Italian cooking, and I like Chinese cooking. poor writing, poor style,not beautiful, not elegant
it is unnecessarily repetitive


I like Italian and Chinese cooking. short, concise

I like Italian and Chinese cooking.
They are both different. FIND NEW INFORMATION

I like Italian and Chinese cooking
They are both different

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

I like Italian and Chinese cooking, but they are both different. COMPOUND
I like Italian and Chinese cooking even though they are both different. COMPLEX - adv cl
I like Italian and Chinese cooking that are both different. COMPLEX - adj cl
I like Italian and Chinese cooking; I think they are both different. COMPOUND COMPLEX - n cl

2. They are both spicy although Italian cooks use garlic and oregano while Chinese cooks often use ginger and hot pepper.
Although Italian cooks use garlic and oregano while Chinese cooks often use ginger and hot pepper, they are both spicy.
Although Italian cooks use garlic and oregano,  Chinese cooks often use ginger and hot pepper, while they are both spicy. XXX
Italian cooks use garlic and oregano; on the other hand, Chinese cooks often use ginger and hot pepper although they are both spicy.
Italian cooks use garlic and oregano unlike Chinese cooks who often use ginger and hot pepper; nevertheless, they are both spicy.

You have to pick your writing style.

3. The Italians use a lot of tomato sauce unlike the Chinese who use bean, soy, and duck sauce. XXX
The Italians use a lot of tomato sauce unlike the Chinese who use bean sauce, soy sauce, and duck sauce.
The Italians use a lot of tomato sauce unlike the Chinese who use bean, soy, and duck sauces.
The Italians use a lot of tomato sauce unlike the Chinese who use different sauces such as bean, soy, and duck.
The Italians use a lot of tomato sauce unlike the Chinese who use different sauces: bean, soy, and duck.
; semicolon
: colon
Mary has three kids: two girls and a boy.
Sarah has lived in five countries: Canada, Mexico, Taiwan, Iran, and Somalia.

4. An Italian meal is usually served with wine; however, a Chinese meal is usually served with tea. COMPOUND
An Italian meal is usually served with wine while a Chinese meal is usually served with tea. COMPLEX- adv cl

while - 2 meaning: at the same time, showing a difference

Sarah is very tall while her sister is short.
Canada has a lot of snow while Vietnam the Philippines has no snow.
Canada has a lot of snow; on the other hand, the Philippines has no snow.

5. No Italian meal is complete without something
a loaf of delicious Italian bread, but the Chinese never serve bread of any kind.
...the Chinese never serve any kind of bread. MORE COMMONLY USED 
I am a vegetarian; I don't eat any kind of meat.
I am a vegetarian; I don't eat meat of any kind.

6. Another difference between Italian and Chinese cooking is that most Italian dishes are baked while most Chinese dishes are cooked in hot oil.

7. Also, Italians eat a lot of pasta, and Chinese eat a lot of vegetables white rice.

-paella from Spain

8. Although they are not alike, I enjoy Italian and Chinese food.
Although they are not alike, I enjoy both Italian and Chinese food.

EF3/4 adjectives clauses

Sentence types:
SIMPLE
"I cooked some lasagna for the block party."

COMPOUND
"Joan wants a new phone, and she wants a new computer."
, SOBA

COMPLEX
adverb clause
"I visited my grandmother's house yesterday because she was feeling well."


Complex -adjective clauses
adjective - describes a noun
nice, cold, green, delicious, tall, happy,
smooth, expensive, sour, disgusting

He has a cute dog.
He has a cute dog that has white ears.

that - everything
who - people
which - things that are not alive, special things, unique things
whom - not commonly used, forget about it, not important

The woman who is sitting beside Ben is Sandy.
My neighbor who is retired is not very friendly.

I have a grey pencil that is bigger than normal.

Your wedding ring which is made of gold is simple but beautiful.

Maria's aunt who is retired lives in Richmond.
Maria five aunts who are retired live in Richmond.

one dog
I have a dog that has white ears.
animals - that
The kitten that she got last year is now a full-grown cat.

Jie comes from Beijing which is a huge city.
Jie bought a car that is bright yellow.

Ask yourself if the thing is special or not.

My watch that I wear is very cheap.
My wedding dress which I keep in my closet is antique.

My son had a goldfish that lived almost two years.

Joanne lives in her new apartment that/which is Homer Street.
I visited my parents' house which is Nova Scotia.
I went to friend's house that is in Surrey.
I bought my new coat at a store that is in Surrey.
Attia prays in a mosque which is in Vancouver.
I went to a wedding at a church that was in Burnaby.
The present that you bought for me is very nice.
The painting which you made for me is beautiful.
I like to use the coaster that/which my son made for me when he was 6.

Karen's sister who is a nurse likes to play mahjong.

Karen's sister who you met yesterday is a nurse.
Karen's sister whom you met yesterday is a nurse.

whom - as an object, not commonly used

whom forget it, nobody uses it, not important

 

EF3/4 Midterm recommendations

Midterm recommendations

EF3 - two choices: stay in EF3 or go to EF4

EF4 - two choices: stay in EF4 or go to EF5

The passmark in BC is 50%.

50% is low. A better mark is 65%.

I recommend higher classes with a 65%.

4 quizzes              3pts each

1 test                    7pts

RWs                     1pt each

1 business letter   1pt

Spoken1, in-class 10pts   

Spoken2, last four weeks

50%, 54% - too low to be successful in higher classes.

 

I 'll do midterm recommendations probably next week. I am happy to talk to you about your marks any time.