ahaley@vsb.bc.ca
Next
week will be the final week – noun clauses
REVIEW Sentence types:
* SIMPLE- one main clause
SV SSV SVV
SSVV Imperative Interrogative
STYLE ADVICE: If something
is important and you want to people to remember it, write it in a simple sentence.
-powerful, clear, direct
* COMPOUND – two main
clauses joined together
1. , FANBOYS ,
SOBA
2. ; semicolon
3. ; TRANS,
Transitional words and
terms: e.g. however therefore also
nevertheless to tell the
truth in general moreover
* COMPLEX – one main clause
+ one subordinate clause
1. adverb clauses- because
when if since
so that so...that, as, while,
whenever, so that, before, after, etc
2. THIS WEEK adjective
clauses
3. NEXT WEEK noun clause- verbs- feel think say know believe /
pronouns?- that why how
***
COMPLEX SENTENCES
adjective clauses – more
in-depth, more detailed
keep it as simple as
possible to start- start basic and then go deeper
adjectives – describes a
noun
the red hat adjective
the nice red hat adjective
He is wearing a green
hat.
green- new at a job, don’t
know what you’re doing yet
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES (or
other nouns functioning as adjectives):
opinion, size, age, shape,
colour, material, origin, purpose NOUN
It is a beautiful diamond
ring.
It is a diamond beautiful
ring. XXX
octagonal (adj) eight sides
, eight-sided
octopus- eight feet
ped- foot, pedestrian,
pedal, pedicure, manicure
pediatrist- foot doctor
pediatrician -children
doctor
veterinarian – vet
opinion, size, age, shape,
colour, material, origin, purpose NOUN
My grandmother broke her gorgeous
sky-blue English teapot.
Shari loves to listen to ancient
Persian music.
The dog plays with a big
round plastic chew toy.
Yuko collects old
Japanese tea sets.
I got some coffee
cups. coffee- noun, acting like an adjective
I love coffee. Coffee- noun, acting like a noun
neck tie school book
sports shoes eyeglasses water bottle
individual adjectives – good
for simple ideas
e.g black tea, herbal tea,
green tea, Orange Pekoe, mint tea, apple tea
cinnamon tea
more complicated, in-depth
description – use adjective clauses
e.g. I love the tea that
my sister makes from flower petals.
complicated ideas – my sister
made it, made from flower petals
More complicated ideas- use
an adjective clause
Three most common pronouns
for adjective clauses: who that which
*** 95% of the time- who
that which ***
Other less commonly used
pronouns for adjective clauses: whom, where, whose
PARTICULAR POINT OF
CONFUSION
whom – rarely used, very
fancy sounding, sounds like a grammar book
Native English speakers
rarely use ‘whom’. We say ‘who’.
MY FREE ADVICE: Forget about
‘whom’. It is not important.
One exception about ‘whom’.
writing to someone, don’t know who will be receiving the letter
GREETING: To whom it may
concern,
Not an everyday occurrence.
Pretty rare.
Get the words right! To whom it may concern,
FORMAL SOUNDING ENGLISH preposition + whom
to whom from whom
with whom
With whom are you speaking? EXTREMELY
FORMAL STYLE
With whom are you speaking?
STIFF SERIOUS
Who are talking to? CASUAL
Pick your tone. Who are you
talking to? What impression are you trying to make?
FOCUS ON HIGH FREQUENCY
USAGE: who that which – 95% of the time
*who – used for people, any
people, sounds nice, sounds polite and respectful, you can use it for all
people
*that- things that are not
alive, animals, people (sounds a little disrespectful, sounds like you don’t like
that person)
SUBTLETY IN ENGLISH, signal
your opinion of a person:
The guy that my sister
married is a creep. adjective clause
creep- a person who gives
you a weird negative feeling, makes you feel uncomfortable
The man who my other
sister married is awesome. adjective clause
That people that did not
respect me are now out of my life.
The people who are my
true friends will always be with me.
‘that’ -tricky word in English,
many uses in English
Who is that? Not an
adjective clause, sounds polite
Who is that woman you were
talking to?
That is a beautiful baby!
Is that your son? -sounds ok
*which- special things
(special to you), unique things
This is a watch that I
bought last week. not special, just a watch
I really like the watch
which my dad gave me for my 18th birthday. special
wedding ring – which
necklace that your
grandmother gave you – which
toothbrush – that
glasses- that
*which – special things,
unique things
special things- You decide
if it is special to you.
I have a silver ring which
my son gave me. a special thing to me
Mei is wearing the jade
necklace which her grandmother gave to her.
Shirin is wearing the jade
necklace that her grandmother gave to her. (sounds like a regular
necklace, not special)
Clara put the picture which
her son painted for her up on the fridge.
unique things- only one in
the world
Beijing, which is the
capital of China, hosted the 2022 Olympic Winter Games. unique
GOOD RULE OF THUMB: only
one, put commas around it
Edmonton, which has a
huge indoor mall, is in north Alberta.
Marta visited the Eiffel
Tower, which is in Paris.
Marta visited the Eiffel
Tower that is in Paris. XXX sounds like there are several Eiffel Tower
The CN Tower, which is in
Toronto, has the Edgewalk.
who- people
My neighbour who
is very elderly does not like my son to play in the backyard.
who is very elderly adj cl SV
elderly(adj) – elder,
senior, aged (Biblical), older, old (doesn’t sound polite), senior citizen
My dad is getting older. He
is older now. He is 79.
impolite- one foot in the
grave, on his last legs, knocking on Heaven’s door, long in the tooth, ready to
give up the ghost
That old dog is long in the
tooth. very old
long in the tooth (idiom)-
horses teeth grow their whole life, also mice, also beavers
Sometimes people who are
very elderly start to worry about going to heaven. They start going to church
and praying and reading Holy books.
“They are cramming for the
final.”
‘cramming for the final’ -
studying all night before a big test
cram- study hard in a short
period of time
‘cram schools’ – Japan,
school that promote intense studying for a exam
Jun’s sister who lives in Spain is a nurse.
Jun’s sister that lives in Spain is a nurse. XXX SOUNDS
STRANGE, Don’t use ‘that’ for a person.
COMMON ERROR:
Jun’s sister who lives in Spain. sentence fragment, not a complete sentence,
half a sentence
*In a sentence with an
adjective clause, you have to say two things, two SV.
Jun’s sister who lives in Spain
is a nurse. 1 2
The phone that she bought was not expensive. 1 2
**that – animals, things,
people we don’t like or don’t respect
Marta has a dog who
that has cute floppy ears. ‘who’ sounds strange for animals
Shirin got a new phone that
has a seven-inch screen.
I met the guy that Joanne
is seeing now. -sounds like don’t like him, subtlety
The guy that my sister
married is a bit of a clown.
The guy that my sister
married is a clown.
a bit of a – a little bit
My friend is a bit of a
drama queen.
drama queen- big emotions
all the time, like an actor, dramatic, big show, like a soap opera
The guy that my sister
married is coming over for a visit. -secret message- don’t like him much-
The guy who my sister
married is coming over for a visit. – secret message- like him-
The guy who my sister
married is really good fellow.
SOURCE OF CONFUSION ‘that’
is used in noun clauses and adjective clauses, also a pronon
multi-use word, confusing
Examples
That sandwich was delicious.
The sandwich that she
made was very tasty.
I think that that
sandwich was scrumptious. noun clause, pronoun
She thinks that that
sandwich that you made was so good that she wants to have another
one. confusing, not good writing, grammar is fine
REVIEW:
SIMPLE
COMPOUND
COMPLEX – adverb clauses
-
Adjective clauses
-
Noun clauses
Example from my EF56
students:
1.
His house, which is located
in North Vancouver, is very expensive.
2.
I came to Vancouver, which
is the best city to live in the world.
3.
I would like to visit my
grandmother, who will turn 100 years old next month.
4.
Mei’s son who is 12 loves
to play with Lego. two or three sons
Mei’s son, who is 12, loves to play with Lego. one son
TRICKY -essential and non-essential clauses
-restrictive and
non-restrictive clauses
Look
these up in a grammar book or website.
REMEMBER:
Basic adjective clauses are not difficult, but they get more detailed the
deeper you go.
5.
My friend who is very
beautiful is a fashion icon. lots of friends
My friend, who is very beautiful, is a fashion icon. only one
friend
6.
I do not like the crafts that/which
I have to do at work.
7.
Her dog that has a long tail
is brown.
8.
I visit my mother, who
lives in Ottawa.
9.
I went to the aquarium which is
in Stanley Park.
10.
I have to visit my best friend
who played with me since I was a seven-year-old. awk
She is seven years old.
She is a seven-year-old. (noun)
11.
The girl who is wearing the red
shirt is my little sister.
12.
My daughter who is playing the
violin decided to study more music.
13.
I love the ring which my
husband gave me on my birthday.
14.
Joe bought a new laptop that
cost $2000.
15.
The girl who is standing in the
corner is my classmate.
16.
My friend visited the park
which is close to my home.
17.
I have a lot of apples that my
mother gave me yesterday.
18.
My boss who is very polite
resigned yesterday.
19.
James wore a fine black tux
which his dad gave him.
combover
Basic
level of knowledge
who-
people
that-
things, animals
which-
special things, unique things
commas or no commas around
adjective clauses
-commas – special, unique,
only one- a good time to use commas
SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT MEANINGS
/ MESSAGES
A.
Dave’s dog, that has white
fur, loves to swim.
B.
Dave’s dog that has white
fur loves to swim.
A.
Dave’s dog, that has white fur,
loves to swim. Suggests that Dave has one dog.
B.
Dave’s dog that has white fur
loves to swim. Suggests that Dave has more than one dog.
* detail, subtle, not a
major problem if you get it wrong
A.
My car that I bought at
Richmond Auto Mall is a 2018.
B.
My car, that I bought at
Richmond Auto Mall, is a 2018.
GRAMMAR: difference between
main subject and complete subject
main subject – just one noun, subject of the sentence
complete subject - main noun plus all the
modifiers, subject of the sentence
A.
My car that I bought
at Richmond Auto Mall is a 2018.
B.
My car, that I bought at Richmond Auto Mall, is a 2018.
complete subject
My car that I
bought at Richmond Auto Mall is a 2018. suggests 2+
cars
My car, that I bought at Richmond Auto Mall, is a 2018. suggests 1 car
commas around an adjective
clause means just extra information
Look it up in a grammar
book:
restrictive and
non-restrictive clauses
OR
essential and non-essential
clauses
Examples:
A.
Her son who is nine is
very shy. essential information, we need
that information
B.
Her son, who is nine, is
very shy. not essential, extra information
MEANING IS A BIT DIFFERENT
A.
Her son who is nine is
very shy.
B.
Her son, who is nine,
is very shy. Her son is very shy.
A.
Her son who is nine is very
shy. How many sons?
B.
Her son, who is nine, is very
shy. How many sons?
main subject complete subject
Her son who is
nine is very shy. How many sons? 2+
Her son, who is nine, is very shy. How many sons? 1
Mohamed moved to Edmonton,
which is the largest city in Alberta.
comma or no comma? How many Edmontons
are there?
which is the largest city in
BC – extra information
Your school, which is at
Fraser and 43rd, is holding in-class classes. 1 school
Your school which is at
Fraser and 43rd is holding in-class classes. suggests 2+ schools eg. SHEC, VCC
Let’s meet at Starbucks.
enough information?
Let’s meet at Starbucks
which is on Main and 13th. essential information
Let’s meet at SHEC, which is
on Fraser and 43rd. not essential information, extra
Your son is outgoing.
Your son, who is 7, is
outgoing.
Your brother who is shy
lives in Vancouver. essential information, distinguish between them
My mom, who is 79, likes to
walk everyday. one mother
My mom who is 79 likes to
walk everyday. two woman who you consider your mothers
My uncle who is retired
loves to fish. more than one
speaking – commas are breath
marks, take a beat, slight pause
Let’s meet at Scienceworld,
which is open right now. not necessary information, just extra information,
non-essential clause
** subtle difference – has
meaning to an English listener
*** If you get it wrong, it
is a small problem.
Shirin’s mother, who is
retired, likes to travel. 1 mother
Shirin’s mother who is retired
likes to travel. 2+ mothers
MORE LIKELY EXAMPLE:
Shirin’s aunt who is retired
likes to travel. 2+ aunts
REVIEW
A.
My sister who lives in
Spain volunteers for a dog rescue society.
B.
My sister, who
lives in Spain, volunteers for a dog rescue society.
A.
How many sisters do I have? One
or more than one? suggest 2+
Subject is “My sister who
lives in Spain”
The adjective clause is
restricting the meaning of ‘sister’.
Grammar book: restrictive
clause, essential clause
B.
How many sisters do I have? One
or more than one? 1
Subject is “My sister”
The adjective clause is not
restricting the meaning of ‘sister’.
Grammar book:
non-restrictive clause, non-essential clause
I never met my grandmother
who passed away five years ago. several GMs
I never met my maternal/paternal
grandmother who passed away five years ago.
I never met my paternal
grandmother. I knew my maternal grandmother very well.
maternal(adj) maternity(n)
maternity ward, mat leave
matriarch- head woman in the
family, the boss woman in the family
My wife wears the pants in
the family.
IDIOM ‘wear the pants’ boss
in the family
She has the last word.
IDIOM ‘have the last word’-
you get final decision, last one to talk
ARGUMENT
You always want the last word.
‘eat
soft rice’ CHINESE- man supported by a woman, no job
He
is a kept man. She is a kept woman.
the
patriarchy- society controlled by men, power held by men
patriotic(adj)
– love your country, patriot
motherland-
your home country
Germany
– fatherland
alpha-
boss dog
I
am Butter’s Alpha.
Restrictive
and non-restrictive clauses
Essential
and non-essential clauses
commas
or no commas around adjective clauses
e.g.
Janice’s husband, who lives in Hong
Kong, visits Vancouver every second month.
You
can delete the non-essentiual adj cl, and the sentence will still be clear.
Janice’s
husband, who lives in Hong Kong, visits Vancouver every second
month.
Janice’s
husband visits Vancouver every second month.
Janice’s
sister who lives in Hong Kong visits Vancouver every second month. two
or more sisters
We
cannot delete the essential clause and still have the sentence be clear.
,
commas are breath marks , take a beat,
rest, pause
MORE
INFORMATION TO EXPLORE:
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