Good morning, everyone.
We’ll get started at 11:00.
Today’s agenda:
·
Continue modals
·
Review of sentence types
·
Begin sentence combining
Thursday
·
Return Test#3 Thursday or
Friday
·
Begin essay work- basic essay,
five-paragraph essay
·
Optional replacement quiz
·
Friday- end at 12:44 for grad
·
Continue essay work
·
Causative verbs
Next week
·
Essay
·
Talk about replacement test
Final week
Monday
·
Optional replacement test
Tuesday
·
Final essay
Wednesday – June 29th- final day
·
NO TEACHING, NO INSTRUCTION
·
Marks day, final reports
Modals are auxiliary verbs that are used with other verbs to express
ability, obligation, possibility, invitation, permission, necessity, or
requests. Below is a list of the most useful modals and their most common
meanings:
auxiliary – extra AUX
Modal Meaning Example
can to express
ability I can speak English
very well.
can to request
permission Can I go to
Foundations 4?
could to express possibility I could help you tomorrow.
may to express
possibility I may be late for
class.
may to request
permission May I take the test
again?
might to express
possibility She might call you
later.
must to express
obligation I must leave at 4
o’clock.
must to express
strong belief You must be kidding!
should to give advice You should go to the
doctor.
will to show
future I
will not take my car today.
would to request or
offer Would you prefer tea
or coffee?
would in if-sentences If I were you, I would complain.
shall – used very
rarely, too formal “Let take our ten-minute break,
shall we?”
Japanese movie, remade in English “Shall We Dance?”
“Shall
we ダンス?”
very polite invitation – shall,
rare
HIGHER LEVEL MODALS
There are also two and three-word modals,
Two-word modals:
had better
have to
ought to
used to
Three-word modals:
be able to
be going to
be supposed to
have got to
*** IMPORTANT
Most anything you want to say can be expressed with a one-word
modal.
The grammar is like this:
modal + infinitive without
‘to’
e.g. can + to eat
can eat
The teenager can eat three slices of pizza.
will + to finish
The builders will finish the project by early December.
have to + to call
Maria has to call her sister about the party.
be supposed to + to go
John is supposed to go to the party, but he might be too
busy.
modal + another verb
can + infinitive –‘to’
can + to run
can run THE VERB DOESN’T
CHANGE
I can run. You can run. The
dog can run. Your grandmother can run.
modal verb do not change
with the subject
I run. You run. She runs.
Two-word modals
had better – strong ‘should’
You should to stop
smoking. You had better stop smoking.-stronger
You had better call
your doctor and reup/refill your medication.
have to – must
You have to get to
work on time.
You must get to work
on time.
The Grade 10 students have
to study more than they did in Grade 9.
We The Grade 10 students have
to study more than they did in Grade 9.
We have to pay the
bills.
I must learn English
now.
ought to – should
I ought to call my
sister. I haven’t spoken with her in several years.
You should call your
mother.
I should have to
graduate from SHEC before I can go to college.
I must graduate from
SHEC before I can go to college.
used to- did in the past,
not now, no one-word equivalent
Sarah used to do
yoga, but now she is too busy with family and work.
Bhin used to live in
Thailand, but she has been in Canada for many years.
Mei used to travel a
lot but not so much in the last few years due to Covid.
Joe used to be married.
He used to drink a
lot. That’s why his wife got rid of him.
LOOK SIMILAR, DIFFERENT
MEANINGS
MODAL used to- did in the
past, no longer do
CONFUSING
NOT A MODAL get/be used to-
feel comfortable, be familiar with
Shirin didn’t like Vancouver
at first, but then she got used to it.
Jes gets up early every
morning. He doesn’t mind. He is used to getting up early.
Dave is not used to trying
different kinds of food. He is picky/fussy/choosy.
Three-word modals
be able to- can
She is not able to come to the meeting tomorrow.
I am not able to come to class Friday. I can’t come to
class Friday.
She can’t come to the meeting tomorrow.
Sarah can speak English, Farsi, and French.
Sarah is able to speak English, Farsi, and French.
Can you pick up some almond milk
before you come home?
Are you able to pick up some
almond milk before you come home?
She is unable to make it to school today.
She can’t come to school today.
The difference between ‘be going to’ and ‘will’.
When did the make the decision?
right now – will
in the past – am going to
be supposed to –
should/must, obligation, your responsibility
I was supposed to get
some dog food, but I forgot.
I am supposed to put
my stuff in storage today.
I am supposed to work
today.
have got to- very strong
‘must’, save it for very important things
You have got to take
your medication on time.
I have to pick up my
son after school.
I have got to eat
breakfast, or I will feel faint.
You have got to check
your stove before you leave your place.
Exercises: Choose appropriate modals for each:
1.
I didn’t feel very well
yesterday. I _____ eat anything.
I didn’t eat anything. I couldn’t eat anything. I wasn’t
able to eat anything.
You should eat something today. You had better eat something today.
You ought to eat something now.
Could you have some soup/rice porridge/congee if I made it for you?
porridge – made from oats
2.
You _____ look at me when I am
talking to you.
3.
You should/must/had better look
at me when I am talking to you.
4.
I was using my pencil a minute
ago. It _____ here somewhere!
I was using my pencil a minute ago.
It should be/must be/has to be here somewhere!
5.
My boss told me that I really
_____ be late again to work.
My boss told me that I really cannot/ mustn’t/ can’t be late again
to work.
6.
If you don’t start working
harder, you _____ repeat the course next year.
7.
If you don’t start working
harder, you will/will have to/might have to repeat the course next year.
8.
Phone her now. She _____ be home by now.
9.
Phone her now. She should/must/ has to/supposed to be home
by now.
10.
You shouldn’t/mustn’t/can’t/had
better not forget your sunscreen. It’s
going to be very hot!
11.
I might/may/should be able to
help you, but I’m not sure yet.
12.
Mozart could/was able to play
the piano beautifully as a child.
13.
I really want to NOT MODAL/
have to/ should/must/ am supposed to try to get fit.
14.
Could CASUAL/May/Can/Shall VERY
POLITE I take a photograph of you?
15.
Students can/ are able to
borrow up to 15 books at any time.
16.
Whose bag is this? I don’t know, but it might belong to Yuta.
17.
May POLITE/Can I go to the
bathroom, please?
18.
His excuse might be true, but I
don’t believe it.
19.
Can you/Are you able to speak
French? Only a few words.
20.
Can/Could/Will you/Are you able
to help me move this table?
Would you help me …?
Can Are you able to help me?
21.
I can/could help you,
but I don’t want to.
I am able to help. STIFF
I can help you.
I could help.
22.
Can/Could you open the window,
please.
23.
She couldn’t/wasn’t able to
move the table. It was too heavy.
24.
You should not/shouldn’t/mustn’t/aren’t
supposed to eat so much chocolate. It’s
not good for you.
Just have a few pieces. You aren’t supposed to eat the whole two
kilos.
Dark chocolate is good for our health.
25.
I’m afraid I can’t/am not able
to play tennis tomorrow. I’ve got a
dentist appointment.
26.
You can come to the meeting if
you want, but you shouldn’t.
You can come to the
meeting if you want, but you don’t have to.
27.
I’m so hungry I could eat a
horse!
IDIOM I could eat a horse.
I am really hungry.
blue meat – horse meat-
strong flavour
28.
The test starts at 10.30. You
mustn’t/shouldn’t/can’t/are going to be late.
29.
How did you do in the test? Ok.
It _____ worse!
could be/could have been
30.
You _____ tired. You’ve only
just gotten out of bed!
You can’t be tired. You’ve
only just gotten out of bed!
I don’t believe that. You
can’t be serious! That can’t be true.
31.
She must be be very pleased
with herself. She got the best grades.
He is very pleased with
himself. He got a good job.
Nasrin was very pleased
with herself when she got into college.
Nasrin is very pleased with herself
because her spoken English is really getting better.
I got a new job! Congrats! You must be
pleased.
**
Sentence types:
These are models to follow.
Exercise 36
1.
complex, adj cl
2.
simple, imperative
3.
compound
4.
complex, adj cl ‘whom’ FORMAL
5.
complex, adv cl
6.
simple
7.
complex, adj cl
8.
compound, , SOBA
9.
simple, interrogative
10.
compound ;
heartache- broken
heart
heart pain, heart
attack – lack of oxygen to your heart
Ex37
1.
complex
humour, absurb
humour, weird humour, strange sense of humour
2.
simple, imperative
3.
compound, ;
strange humour
hair replacement
– bald, get hair implants
4.
complex, adv cl
5.
complex, adj cl
6.
simple, question, interrogative
more tasty-
tastier
7.
complex, noun cl
I was upset that
you ate my ice cream.
She was delighted
that her son won a new Tesla.
8.
compound
weird humour
9.
simple
10.
complex, adv cl
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