Good morning, everyone.
We will get started at 8:30
Today’s agenda
·
Return Quiz#3
Review
Optional rewrite for bonus point
·
Interim recommendations- one-on-one chats, your
choice
·
Begin complex sentences- noun clauses
·
Continue business letter writing
·
Review verb tenses
·
Academic vocab exercises
·
Listening to lyrics “Close to You”
Monday
·
Continue complex sentences- noun clauses
·
Continue business letter writing
Tuesday
·
Quiz#4 on noun clauses
·
Begin complex sentences- adjective clauses
Modals are
auxiliary verbs that are used with other verbs to express ability, obligation/necessity,
possibility, invitation, permission, or requests. Below is a list of the most
useful modals and their most common meanings:
auxiliary
– extra AUX
Modal Meaning Example
can to express ability I can speak English very
well.
can to request permission Can I go to Foundations 4?
Can
I go to the bathroom?
could to express possibility I could help you tomorrow.
We could
paint the room tonight.
may to express possibility I may/might be late for class.
may to
request permission May I take
the test again,
please?
May I go
to the bathroom? (very polite)
might to express possibility She might call you later.
We
might have a test on Friday.
I
might go shopping tonight.
EXAMPLES I might visit
my friend tonight.
Maybe I will visit my friend tonight.
must to express obligation I must leave at 4 o’clock.
You
must go to bed at 10.
should to give advice You should go to the doctor.
You should
visit my country. I think that you would like it.
I should
go to the club where you play guitar.
I should
take a bath after I go to the gym.
I should to
listen to music.
I should
buy groceries because my fridge is empty.
will to show future I will not take my car
today.
would to request or offer Would you prefer a tea or
coffee?
NOTE “Could I ....”
“Would you ....”
“Would you
like some coffee?”
“Would you
like some dessert?”
“Would you
like some anything else?”
“Would you
like a beer / bill?”
bill /
cheque
“Could I
have the cheque/bill, please?”
**
shall – used very rarely, too formal “Let take
our ten-minute break,
shall we?”
If you
want to use, you can use for a very formal-sounding invitation.
“Shall we
leave?”
Japanese
movie, remade in English “Shall We Dance?”
“Shall we ダンス?”
very
polite invitation – shall, rare
“Shall we
go?”
one-word modals
can
could
may
might
must
should
will
would
etc.
HIGHER LEVEL MODALS
There are also two and three-word modals,
Two-word modals:
-had better –
should “You should / had better talk
with your mom.”
“You
has better stop arguing with your sister.”
-have to – must “Today, I have to return these
Amazon packages.”
-ought to – should “You ought to finish school so you can
get a better-paying job.”
“He
ought to quit smoking.”
IDIOM– “Please
don’t ‘should’ me.”
-used to – habit in
the past “She used to do yoga.”
ANOTHER MEANING ‘used
to’ – feel comfortable, accustomed to
She got used to
Vancouver after a few months.
I have to get used
to different accents when peopls speak English.
Three-word modals:
-be able to – can
“The dog is able to
run and catch a ball in his mouth.”
“She wasn’t able to
attend the meeting.” “She couldn’t come to the meeting.”
-be going to –
similar to ‘will’-
MY SIMPLE
EXPLANATION – will – decide on the spot
-
am going to –
already decided
-be supposed to –
strong ‘should’, expectation “Family is
supposed to be supportive, but sometimes they are not.”
“You were supposed
to take the garbage out.”
-have got to – very
strong must “You have got to address
this problem with your father-in-law.”
“You have got to lock
the door when you go out.”
“You have got to
take your medication everyday.”
OCD – obsessive compulsive
disorder
obsessive thoughts-
can’t stop thinking about something
compulsive actions-
can’t resist making actions
CBT- cognitive
behavioural therapy
*** IMPORTANT
Most anything you want to say can be expressed
with a one-word modal.
Examples:
have to- I have to pick up my daughter tonight at
work.
You have to go to bed.
must- very
strong
The
grammar is like this:
modal +
infinitive without ‘to’
e.g. can + to eat
can eat
The teenager can eat three slices of
pizza.
will + to finish
The builders will finish the project by
early December.
have to + to call
Maria has to call her sister about the
party.
Jun has to lose weight.
be supposed to + to go
John is supposed to go to the party,
but he might be too
busy.
had to + to call
I had
to called call three mechanics yesterday.
modal +
another verb
can + infinitive
–‘to’
can + to
run
can run
THE VERB DOESN’T CHANGE
I can run.
You can run. The dog can run. Your grandmother can run.
modal verb
do not change with the subject
I run. You
run. She runs.
Two-word
modals
had better – strong ‘should’
You should
to stop smoking. You had better stop smoking.-stronger
You had
better call your doctor and reup/refill your medication.
You had
better get your schoolwork in order.
have to –
must
You have
to get to work on time.
You must
get to work on time.
The Grade
10 students have to study more than they did in Grade 9.
We have
to pay the bills.
ought to –
should
I ought
to call my sister. I haven’t spoken with her in several years.
You should
call your mother.
I should
have to graduate from SHEC before I can go to college.
I must
graduate from SHEC before I can go to college.
used to-
did in the past, not now, no one-word equivalent
Sarah used
to do yoga, but now she is too busy with family and work.
Bhin used
to live in Thailand, but she has been in Canada for many years.
Mei used
to travel a lot, but not so much in the last few years due to Covid.
Joe used
to be married.
He used
to drink a lot. That’s why his wife got rid of him.
She gave
him the boot.
LOOK SIMILAR,
DIFFERENT MEANINGS
MODAL used
to- did in the past, no longer do
CONFUSING
NOT A
MODAL get/be used to- feel comfortable, be familiar with
Shirin
didn’t like Vancouver at first, but then she got used to it.
Jes gets
up early every morning. He doesn’t mind. He is used to getting up early.
Dave is not
used to trying different kinds of food. He is picky/fussy/choosy.
Three-word modals
be able to- can
She is not able to come to the meeting
tomorrow.
I am not able to come to class Friday.
I can’t come to class Friday.
She can’t come to the meeting tomorrow.
Sarah can speak English, Farsi, and
French.
Sarah is able to speak English, Farsi,
and French.
Can you pick up some almond milk before
you come home?
POLITE Are you able to pick up
some almond milk before you come home?
She is not able / unable to make it to
school today.
She can’t come to school today.
Jose has been unable to walk since his
accident.
I am unable to take your call. Please leave me
a message.
The difference between ‘be going to’ and ‘will’.
When did the make the decision?
right now – will
in the past – am going to
be
supposed to – should/must, obligation, your responsibility
I was
supposed to get some dog food, but I forgot.
I am
supposed to put my stuff in storage today.
I am
supposed to work today.
have got
to- very strong ‘must’
You have
got to take your medication on time.
I have
to pick up my son after school.
I have
got to eat breakfast, or I will feel faint.
You have
got to check your stove before you leave your place.
Mom, you
have got to remember to turn off the stove.
Exercises:
Choose appropriate modals for each:
1.
I didn’t feel very well yesterday. I _____ eat anything.
2.
You _____ look at me when I am talking to you.
3.
I was using my pencil a minute ago. It _____ here somewhere!
4.
My boss told me that I really _____ be late
again to work.
5.
If you don’t start working harder, you _____
repeat the course next year.
6.
Phone her now.
She _____ be home by now.
7.
You _____ forget your sunscreen. It’s going to be very hot!
8.
I _____ be able to help you, but I’m not sure
yet.
9.
Mozart _____ play the piano beautifully as a
child.
10.
I really _____ try to get fit.
11.
_____ I take a photograph of you?
12.
Students _____ borrow up to 15 books at any
time.
13.
Whose bag is this? I don’t know, but it _____ belong to Yuta.
14.
_____ I go to the bathroom, please?
15.
His excuse _____ be true, but I don’t believe
it.
16.
_____ you speak French? Only a few words, but my Russian is pretty
good.
17.
_____ you help me move this table?
18.
I _____ help you, but I don’t want to.
19.
_____ you open the window, please.
20.
I _____ move the table. It was too heavy.
21.
You _____ eat so much chocolate. It’s not good for you.
22.
I’m afraid I _____ play tennis tomorrow. I’ve got a dentist appointment.
23.
You can come to the meeting if you want but
you _____.
24.
I’m so hungry I _____ eat a horse!
25.
The test starts at 10.30. You _____ be late.
26.
How did you do in the test? Ok. It _____
worse!
27.
You _____ tired. You’ve only just got out of
bed!
28.
_____ be very pleased with herself. She got
the best grades.
Hopefully you are doing a few
minutes of practice every day on your sentences.
Daily practice is
the best/most effective to learn a new skill.
If you are doing
the regular practice, I’m sure you are seeing incremental improvements.
incremental- little
bit better all the time
If you are doing
daily practice, then there will be change.
** You can start
any day.**
REVIEW OF SENTENCE
TYPES:
SIMPLE
COMPOUND
COMPLEX adverb cl, noun
cl, adjective cl
Every sentence that
you write should be one of these types.
NOUN CLAUSES- a type
of clause for a complex sentence
Noun Clauses
noun – person,
place, thing, idea
n cl- SV
Noun clauses are
used with verbs that have to do with the brain and cognition (thinking): think,
feel, believe, know, understand, forget, remember, recall, realize, recognize, worry,
wonder, etc.
cog- recognize
re- again
ize- verb
Noun clauses also go
with verbs about speaking: say, yell, whisper, shout, suggest, speak,
advise, holler, murmur, stutter, call out, cry out, mention, etc
noun clause-
think/talk = brain and mouth
We most often
connect these verbs with these words: that, what, why, how
Two pools of words
to choose from for noun clauses:
A. VERBS
think,
feel, believe, know, understand, forget, remember, recall, realize, recognize,
worry, say, yell, whisper, shout, suggest, find, speak, advise, holler,
murmur, stutter, call out, cry out, mention, wonder, see, hear- understand
B. that,
what, why, how
Choose an A word
and put it with a B word.
Mix and match A+B.
Examples of complex
sentences with noun clauses:
*A think + B that
Joanne
thinks that her son is very tall
for his age. noun clause
I
think that it will rain today.
Jun
doesn’t think that Marta is telling
the truth.
Mei
thinks that she forgot her key.
Your
mom doesn’t think that you should stay out too late tonight.
I
don’t think that you should go
to the party.
Mei’s
sister thinks that Mei should get a Covid test.
VARIATION
Mei’s
sister thinks that she should get a Covid test. unclear
I
think that studying English will
give me new opportunities. gerund
We all know that eating well
is good for our health.
OPTION: You can
OMIT ‘that’
Joanne
thinks that her son is
very tall for his age. noun clause
Joanne
thinks her son is very tall for
his age. noun clause
I
think that it will rain
today.
I
think it will rain today.
Probably native
English speakers would leave out the ‘that’. You don’t have to. Either way
sounds great.
think + that
I think that
would be nice. – possibly will happen
I think that
will be nice. – definitely will happen
We could go for a
hike tomorrow. I think that would be nice.
We are going for a
hike tomorrow. I think that will be nice.
*realize + that
I realize that I
gave you the wrong answer.
I realized that
he cheated me.
I got to school and
realized that I forgot my phone at home.
I realize that
you don’t like school, but you
have to do your best.
She just realized
that she left her stove on and her door unlocked.
Mei just realized that
she made a mistake.
**You can omit
‘that’ if you wish. It’s pefectly ok to leave it in.
Joe realized that
he was wrong.
Joe realized he was
wrong.
Joe realized how he was wrong.
Joe realized why he was wrong.
*find out + that
I found out that my friend lied to me.
I found out from my classmate that we
have a test today.
She found out from her sister that there
is going to be a big sale on mattresses tomorrow.
I found out from my mother that my uncle is
sick.
* find + that find-opinion
She finds that Vancouver is very
expensive.
May finds that the room is warm. COMPLEX- N CL
May finds the room warm. SIMPLE
I found the movie boring. Doris finds him
strange.
He finds that the food is too salty.
COMPLEX- N CL
He finds the food salty. SIMPLE
I find him to be too loud. SIMPLE
I find that he can get loud. COMPLEX-
N CL
In my opinion, it is ok for kids to make
lego guns.
I find that teachers are too sensitive
about that sort of thing.
*NOTES
‘that’ is a tricky word in English
that – many uses
noun clauses and adjective clauses,
confusing
‘that
book’
* wonder + why
I was wondering why you are always late.
I wonder why my dog stares at me.
She wonders why her son is not doing well
in math.
The little kid wondered why he couldn’t
make a lego gun.
wonder=ponder
* wonder + how – to do something, how
something happens
I wonder how I can fix this computer.
I wonder how the mouse got into my
apartment.
She is wondering how she will be able to
pay / will be paying for college.
CASUAL AUTHENTIC I wonder where I’ll find
the money for tuition.
I don’t have money
for expensive clothes. SIMPLE
IDIOM I’m not made
of money. Money doesn’t grow on trees.
I’m not
Rockerfeller.
*know + why
Jun
doesn’t know why Keiko is angry
at/with him.
Jun
didn’t know why Keiko was angry
at/with him.
Rose knows why the sky is blue.
Jacob knows why Sarah quit her job.
Jacob
doesn’t know why Sarah quit her
job.
I don’t know why she is not feeling well.
Sarah
knows why her sister is smiling, but she doesn’t want to tell me.
COMPOUND COMPLEX
Mei
doesn’t know why her husband is always forgetting his keys in the door.
Why is Mei late
today? question
I don’t know why
Mei is late today. answer, with a noun clause
I don’t know.
SIMPLE
I
don’t know why I can’t remember the words that I learned yesterday.
noun clause adjective clause
I don’t know why my car engine
light is on. natural-sounding
I don’t know why my car’s engine
light is on. also ok
book smart- lots of
knowledge but can’t use it in a practical way
I don’t know why
my son was working so hard yesterday.
I don’t know why
you like to climb mountains in the rain.
* like how (very
authentic sounding)
I
like how you always listen to me. pays attention to your words
Sarah
doesn’t like how her husband loses his temper easily.
Sarah
doesn’t know why her husband loses his temper easily.
lose
your temper- get very angry
Sarah
doesn’t like how it rains so much in Vancouver. She doesn’t like this
situation.
Sarah
doesn’t like that it rains so much in Vancouver.
Maria
didn’t like how her daughter was talking to her.
I
like how you sang that song.
I
like how you were showing her some guitar chords.
She
likes how he tells funny stories.
I
like how you treated me when I was sick.
Sarah
likes how her mother makes her favourite comfort food.
comfort
food- food that makes you feel better when you are not feeling well- congee
(jok), chicken soup,
Soup
is comfort food.
IDIOM
comfort food- the food that you like to eat, for example, when you are feeling
sick, food that reminds you of your childhood, nostalgia
* say that- very
commonly used
Michelle
said that she would come early
today.
The
teacher said that we will do a quiz on Friday.
The
little boy said that there was a monster under his bed.
Sahara
said that there will be a party on Saturday.
I
said that I would pick up some milk on the way home.
My
mother said that the recipe is easy to make.
I
didn’t say that I would do that.
My
son said that he will treat us to
lunch/ to dimsum next Sunday.
treat
someone to lunch- you invite someone and pay
My
treat! It’s on me! I will treat you.
I
insist.
We’ll
split the bill.
Separate
bills, please.
* forget why
Sharin
forgot why she came into the
kitchen.
I
forget why I called you.
REMINDER:
A. think,
feel, believe, know, understand, forget, remember, realize, etc.
B. that,
what, why, how
Knowing which A
goes with which B is the tricky part. That will take a lot of listening to
English speakers, reading, etc.
Let’s take a few minutes and write some. We can read them
out loud in ten minutes.
Your examples:
1.
He said that we could borrow the car, not
me.
2.
I think that the only way to learn is to study.
3.
I saw how the midwife helped the woman to
deliver her baby.
4.
I thought that you were going to buy bread.
5.
I think that it will be great if you can join us for dinner tonight.
main cl noun cl adverb cl
6.
I wonder how long it will take for you to finish
your English.
7.
Our generation witnessed/is witnessing how
global warming happened/is happening. vt?
8.
It is necessary to know how to understand people
who can’t speak.
dumb- old word- can’t talk
blind- visually -impaired
deaf- hearing-impaired
I am little bit hearing-impaired.
sign language
9.
I wonder why we do not have air conditioning in
the school.
10.
When I saw the mountains on the horizon, I realized
that Vancouver is beautiful.
CONTINUE MONDAY
Academic Vocabulary Exercise 1
1.
merchant- store, peddlar- itinerant seller,
portable, mobile
2.
cattle Mr
Smith has 10000 head of cattle.
IDIOM Count heads.
3.
slim(adj) sounds nice skinny- sounds negative
4.
gigantic(adj)
The Rocky Mountains are gigantic.
5.
naked(adj)
6.
on the whole- in conclusion, to finish
7.
upgrade(v,n)
8.
roam(v) She likes to roam around the city by
herself.
9.
appetite(n)
She has a good appetite. He has an appetite for learning. Bon appetite!
10.
outraged(adj)
11.
goofy(adj)
12.
dull(adj)
The movie was dull.
13.
struggle(v,n)
14.
hatch
15.
boast(v)
16.
swell(v) swelling(n)
17.
portion You
can eat smaller portions if you want to lose weight.
18.
outskirts(n)
Shira lives on the outskirts of town.
19.
alley In
Vancouve we put out garbage cans out in the alley.
20.
drudgery
Math is drudgery for me. His job is drudgery.
We’ll do Exercise 2 next week.
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