Good morning, everyone.
We will get started at 8:30
Today’s agenda
·
Test#2 paragraph on “Roses Sing on New Snow”
·
Continue complex sentences- adverb clauses
·
Continue verb tenses- simple tenses
·
Begin business letter writing
·
HW Write
a few sentences with adverb clauses. Email a few to
me by 7PM. We can
share them tomorrow.
Wednesday
·
Continue complex sentences- adverb clauses
Prepare for Quiz#3
·
Continue verb tenses- progressive tenses
·
Continue business letter writing
Thursday
·
Quiz#3- complex sentences- adverb clauses
·
Begin complex sentences- noun clauses
·
Continue business letter writing
Friday
·
Continue complex sentences- noun clauses
·
Listening to lyrics “Close to You”
Test#2 paragraph on “Roses Sing on New Snow”
REVIEW
**Structure of a paragraph for school
-Grabber
-Topic sentence- relate directly to the writing prompt, the
question
TIP Use some of the vocab from the wrting prompt, or use
synonyms
-Supporting points (3-4,5)- sentences
-Concluding sentence
(at least 150 words)
**Format – how it looks on the page
-Doublespace
-Write inside the margins
-Indent the first word of the paragraph
-One block of writing
**Quality of the sentences
-
Sentence types- SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX
(adverb clauses, noun clauses, adjective clauses)
-
Punctuation , ; . ?
-
Verb tense and verb form
COMPLEX SENTENCES -adverb
clauses
-noun
clauses
-adjective
clauses
REVIEW OF SENTENCE STYLES
You have to practice these every
day if you want to get good at something. You will be amazed at how good you
will get at sentence writing or whatever you are doing in six months or a year.
*SIMPLE – 1 main/independent
clause
SV SSV
SVV SSVV Imperative
Interrogative
*COMPOUND , SOBA
; ; TRANS,
2 main clauses/independent clauses
joined together
1.
, FANBOYS , SOBA
2.
; semicolon
3.
; TRANS, e.g. ; moreover,
*COMPLEX - 1 main clause and 1
subordinate clause
- adverb clauses
- noun clauses NEXT WEEK
- adjective clauses AFTER TWO
WEEKS
COMPLEX SENTENCES=
simple sentence + subordinate
clause (dependent clause)
main clause + subordinate clause
main clause = independent clause
-independent-
independent person- by yourself,
support yourself, don’t need help, buy your own groceries, cook your own food,
do your own laundry
-dependent person – needs help,
can’t stand by yourself, need support, cook for them, drive them around
independent clause- a group of
words with SV, is a simple sentence
dependent clause- a group of words
with SV, not a sentence
The sky is blue. SIMPLE, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
although it is chilly. DEPENDENT CLAUSE, SENTENCE FRAGMENT
The sky is blue. Although it is chilly. XXX
The sky is blue although it is chilly. COMPLEX- ADVERB CLAUSE
COMPLEX SENTENCE- ADVERB CLAUSES
- because when if (most commonly
used words)
because – give a reason
Joan is happy today. Her son is visiting her. Two main clauses. Two
simple sentences.
Turn one of the main clauses into
a subordinate clause. +because
1.
main clause
+ adverb clause
Jun is happy today because
her son is visiting her.
Jun is happy because
her son is visiting her today.
Jun is happy today. Her son is visiting her. 2 SIMPLES
Jun is happy today because her son is visiting her. 1 COMPLEX, ADV CL
NOTE: no comma before ‘because’
2.
adverb clause, +
main clause
Because Jun’s son is visiting her, she
is happy today.
Because Jun’s son is visiting her
today, she
is happy.
NOTE: need a comma
*** The two ways:
Jun is happy today because
her son is visiting her.
Because Jun’s son is visiting her
today, she
is happy.
*** Either way is good. It is your
choice.
COMMON ERROR:
Jun is happy, because her son is visiting her today. XXX
Small error with the comma. No big
deal.
EXAMPLES
He is hungry because he skipped
lunch.
Because he skipped lunch, he is
hungry.
If When Because While
** OLD-FASHIONED RULE- Don’t start your sentences with ‘because’.
It’s fine. I do. We can ignore
this rule.
Because it’s snowing,
some people are a little late. OK
Because it’s snowing –
makes this the focus of the sentence
Some people are a little late
because it’s snowy. Alternative
Some people are a little late –
makes this the focus of the sentence
Either way is fine. It’s your
choice. This is more about style and intention than grammar.
COMMON ERROR
Some people are a little late, because it’s snowy. XXX
Don’t put a comma before
‘because’. You will see people do it, but it isn’t the best choice. Keep your
school writing at a more formal level.
This is a stylistic choice
concerning your writing style.
stylistic(adj) style(n)
DISCLAIMER: My writing and
speaking style tends to be more formal than many. I aim to keep my writing and
speaking style formal especially for work, school, and business. I take a
professional tone in a professional situation.
Other people are much more casual
in their language usage.
You can decide what level of
formality is appropriate for any situation that you are in.
MAIN THING ABOUT COMMAS WITH
ADVERB CLAUSES:
The baby is crying because
she is tired. NO COMMA
Because the baby is tired,
she is crying. COMMA
MAIN CLAUSE (SIMPLE SENTENCE) +
ADVERB CLAUSE
MAIN CL + ADVERB CL = COMPLEX
SENTENCE
FREE ADVICE: If you do it like
that, it will always work. Everything will be ok.
*when - time
1.
main clause
+ adverb clause
My dog gets up when
I get up. no
comma
2.
adverb clause, +
main clause
When I get up, my
dog gets up. comma
Call your sister when you get
home.
When you get home, call your
sister.
SAME MEANING- your choice
DIFFERENCE when / while
When Harim got up this morning,
she was surprised to see snow on the ground.
Harim was surprised to see snow on
the ground when she got up this morning.
*when – same time, pretty much the
same time
*after, before – not the same time
Harim was surprised to see snow on the ground after/when
she got up this morning.
*when – one time, once
*whenever- everytime, happens many
times
Whenever Butter has to pee, he rings a bell on the door.
My neighbour’s dog escapes
whenever they let it out in the backyard.
Whenever it rains, Mei takes an
umbrella.
Mei uses an umbrella whenever it
rains.
Mary gets nervous when she
has a test. SOUNDS OK
Mary gets nervous whenever
she has a test. SOUNDS BETTER
Whenever Jay watches scary movies,
he has nightmares.
night
mare- horse
Old superstition- People used to
believe that hearing a horse running at night was bad luck.
*if- maybe yes, maybe no, don’t
know, not decided
1.
main clause
+ adverb clause
Maria should start saving her
money if she wants to buy that
expensive dress. no comma
2.
adverb clause, +
main clause
If Maria wants to buy that
expensive dress, she
should start saving her money.
comma
Call me if
you want to go for a hike.
If there is heavy snow,
listen to the radio regarding school cancellations.
Listen to the radio. imperative
(simple sentence)
Close the door if
we are being too noisy.
Practice everyday if
you want to get better at jujitsu.
***
Martial Arts – judo, karate,
aikido, jiujitsu, taekwondo
***
Model for adverb clauses:
Main clause adverb
clause.
Adverb clause, main clause.
**
***
**** YOUR CHOICE. You should be
able to do it both ways. GOAL! ****
‘if’ – past, present, future
My sister would play with her
dolls if she was bored. past
Let’s grab some coffee if you are
free now. present
I will call you if I need a lift
to the airport. future
EXAMPLES:
You should call your sister if you
want a ride from the airport.
If you want a ride from the
airport, you should call your sister.
You should call your sister, if
you want a ride from the airport. XXX punc
-small error, does not impede
understanding, still not right
IMPERATIVE: Call your sister.
Call your sister if you want to
get a ride.
If you want to get a ride, call
your sister.
REVIEW -
COMPOUND
2 independent clauses put together
COMPLEX
1 independent clause and 1
dependent clause put together
COMPOUND
We are going camping this weekend,
so we have to pack our gear.
COMPLEX
We have to pack our gear because
we are going camping this weekend.
Because we are going camping this
weekend, we have to pack our gear.
*Same information- different
sentence styles- compound and complex
We are going camping this weekend,
so we have to pack our gear.
We have to pack our gear because
we are going camping this weekend.
If you really want to use a comma in the
middle of the sentence, put the adverb clause first, or use a compound
sentence.
e.g. Jan is late because it is snowing.
Because it is snowing, Jan is late. COMPLEX-
adverb clause
It is snowing, so Jan is late. COMPOUND ,
SOBA
GOOD WORDS FOR ADVERB CLAUSES
* Adverbial conjunctions (adverb clause
words)
Learning these will expand your ability to
express your thoughts more clearly and precisely in English.
** When you learn these 24 words, you will be
a rock star in your English class!
COMPLEX SENTENCES-adverb clauses
time- after, before, ever
since, since, until, when, whenever,
while
place- wherever
condition - if, even if, provided that, unless
manner- as, as if, though, although, even though,
so ... that
cause- because,
since
purpose- in order that, in order to, so that,
*after-
time
The
kids did their homework after supper. prepositional phrase SIMPLE
The
kids did their homework after SV supper. COMPLEX- ADVERB CL
The
kids did their homework after they finished/had/ate
supper. no comma
After
the kids finished supper, they did their homework. comma
This
is an important difference!
The
kids did their homework after supper. SIMPLE
The
kids did their homework after they finished supper. COMPLEX
After
they finished supper, the kids did their homework.
COMPLEX
The
kids finished supper, and then they did their homework. COMPOUND
This
is all about choice!!
VERY
COMMON ERROR
After
the kids finished supper, so they did their homework. XXX
confusing
compound and complex
FIXES
The
kids finished supper, so they did their homework. compound
After
the kids finished supper, they did their homework. complex
*
before- Call me before you leave.
complex- adverb clause
Call me before 8pm. simple
*since
– two meanings: time, give a reason
-since-time
May has lived in Canada since 1998. SIMPLE
May has lived in Canada since SV 1998.
COMPLEX
May has lived in Canada since she moved/arrived/came/ immigrated/relocated here
from Vietnam in 1998. COMPLEX
*
NOTE: simple past instead past perfect
Past
perfect is not commonly used by native English speakers.
May
has lived in Canada since she had moved here from Vietnam in 1998.
May
has lived in Canada since she moved here from Vietnam in 1998.
-since
– give a reason, same as ‘because’
Joe
is a little frustrated right now because the internet keeps dropping out.
Joe
is a little frustrated right now since the internet keeps dropping out.
Because
the internet keeps dropping out, I am a little frustrated right
now.
Since
the internet keeps dropping out, I am a little frustrated right now.
SWAP
because = since
because/since
– Your choice. Mix it up!
NOTE: due to + noun
I am a little frustrated right now due to the
internet dropping out. SIMPLE
‘dropping’- noun, gerund
*until – time (waiting for something else to
happen)
I will wait until you finish.
Until you finish, I will wait. Don’t
sound natural. Use your ear. Does it sound good? Does it sound weird? Trust
your ear.
Jen has been waiting for you until now.
SIMPLE
Jan was waiting for you until 10 pm. SIMPLE
Jen was waiting for you until she fell asleep. COMPLEX
Jen was waiting for you until her sister
called. COMPLEX
I will keep learning English until I am
fluent. COMPLEX
Sara will keep learning English until she
is fluent. COMPLEX
Dave is waiting until he retires to start
travelling.
NOTE: until
– good for writing, proper English, school, business
til
– very casual, good for talking, not for writing
Same as ‘because’ - for writing ‘cause’-casual talking, not for school
writing
cause, cuz- very casual, for spoken, not for
writing
til- casual, for spoken, not for writing
gonna XXX going to
wanna XXX want to
*when/while
when – one time
while – two actions happening at the same
time
You were working while your son was
sleeping.
While you are in school, your kids are
in daycare.
Students were using their cell phones while
the teacher was teaching.
STRANGE Maria was washing the dishes while
the phone rang.
Maria was washing the dishes when the phone
rang.
phone rang *
washing
_______________________________
Maria was washing the dishes while the phone
was ringing. UNLIKELY
while – Maria was washing the dishes while
her husband was sweeping the floor.
sweeping
*******************************************
washing
___________________________________________
I can’t talk to you while I am driving. I will
call you back when I park my car.
Sarah was washing the dishes when the phone
rang. one moment in
time
Sarah was washing the dishes while Joe was
watching TV.
My daughter was reading while I was playing
guitar.
‘while’ time- fits well with continuous/progressive
tenses ‘ing’
My dog stares at me while I am sleeping.
My dog likes to hold hands while he is
lying down.
He sings while he is driving. COMPLEX
He sings while driving. SIMPLE
She hums a song while she is working.
while + ‘ing’ GOOD MATCH
SPECIAL USAGE- while – show contrast, time
I get up early while you get up late.
Sarah is extroverted while her sister is
intraverted.
Canada is cold while The Philippines is hot.
The music is beautiful while sad. sounds like
grammar book
The music is beautiful but sad. sounds more
authentic SIMPLE
The music is beautiful, but it is sad.
COMPOUND
* since/ever since- time
since – time
ever since – time, feels like a long time
Marie has been waiting for the bus since 10:20.
(less than five minutes) SIMPLE
Marie has been waiting for the bus ever since
9:45. (almost an hour) SIMPLE
ever since – feels like a long time
Mui has been living in Vancouver since she
came to Canada. COMPLEX
Mui has been living in Vancouver ever since
she came to Canada in 1975. COMPLEX -adverb clause – seems likes a long
time, almost 50 years
We have been friends since we were nine years
old.
We have been BFFs ever since we were nine
years old.
BFF – Best Friends Forever (slang-teenager
talk)
Maria has lived in Canada ever since 1990.
simple
Maria has lived in Canada ever since she
moved from Indonesia in 1990. complex- adverb clause
Maria has lived in Canada since 2018.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Maria has lived in Canada ever since
1978. long time SIMPLE SENTENCE
Maria has lived in Canada since she moved
from Japan in 2018. COMPLEX SENTENCE adverb clause
Maria has lived in Canada ever since she
moved from Japan in 1978. long time
Ever since we got a new manager, work has
been a drag.
We have been in class since 9:15. doesn’t
feel like a long time
We have been in class ever since 9:15. does
feel like a long time
We have been waiting for the bus ever since 9:15.
feels like a long time
Time is dragging. It feels like time is
standing still.
MODELS using ‘since’ in simple sentences:
I came to Canada since 2019. XXX
I came to Canada in 2019. SIMPLE
I have lived in Canada since 2019. SIMPLE
I have been in Canada for two years. SIMPLE
I lived in Canada since 2019. Not the best
verb choice.
I have lived in Canada since 2019.
I have lived in Canada since April, 2019.
I have lived in Canada since April 24th,
2019.
*whenever -every
time
Whenever her dog
is left alone, he tips over the garbage and makes a mess.
Her dog tips over
the garbage and makes a mess whenever he is left alone.
Emiko feels homesick
whenever she looks at her photo album of family pictures.
Whenever Emiko looks
at her photo album of family pictures, she feels homesick.
DIFFERENT MEANING
Whenever Emiko feels
homesick, she looks at her photo album of family pictures.
Emiko looks at
her photo album of family pictures, whenever she feels homesick.
Whenever he drinks
water, he spills it all over himself like a kid.
Sarah goes
snowboarding whenever she can. Every chance she gets, she goes.
He sings while he
drives. simple present- usual action, habitual action
He is singing while
he is driving. present progressive- happening right now
*if- maybe yes, maybe no, not certain
Sarah will go to the party if she is free.
We will go to the park if it is sunny. no comma
If it is sunny, we will go to the park. comma
FUNNY IDIOM If my
grandmother had wheels, she would be a wagon.
‘If’ is a big word. It is easy to say than to do.
*even if – the result does not depend on the situation
A
B
A does not depend on B
Sarah will not go to the party even if she is free.
Even if I hate winter, I have to bear / deal with / live
with it.
I will not buy you that toy even if you cry and make a fuss.
We will go to the park even if it is raining. COMPLEX
ALTERNATIVE despite the NOUN
We will go to the park despite the rain. SIMPLE
regardless of the NOUN
We will go to the park regardless of the rain. SIMPLE
Mei will buy a new iPhone despite the cost.
I will keep learning English despite the difficulties/obstacles/
challenges.
I like living in Canada despite the the difficulties/obstacles/
challenges/expenses/costs.
We will always worry/care/concerned about our children despite/regardless
of their age.
I will not buy you this toy even if you cry and yell and
throw yourself on the floor.
I will buy a new phone if I can afford it. Will I buy a new
phone? YES/NO
I will not buy a new phone even if I can afford it. Will I
buy a new phone? NO
Mei will marry Joe even if her mother is not happy about it.
Mei will marry Joe despite her mother’s opinion/misgivings.
* even though – the situation is true, not conditional
* even if – maybe YES, maybe NO, conditional
Sheila will not go to the party even though she was
invited.
Will she go? NO Was she invited? YES
Sheila will not go to the party even if she is
invited.
Will she go? NO
Was she invited? Uncertain.
Sarah will go kayaking even if it is raining.
Will she go kayaking? YES Is it raining? MAYBE
Sarah will go kayaking even though it is raining.
Will she go kayaking? YES Is it raining? YES
TRICKY NEW WORDS – if
even if even though
Even though she is sick today, she still went to work.
Did she go to work? YES Is she sick? YES
Even if she is sick, she still goes to work.
Even if she is sick today, she will still go to work.
Will she go to work? YES Is she sick? MAYBE
* even though = although = though (casual, good for talking,
not great for writing)
although
Joe watches his daughter play soccer even though / although he is not into sports.
*provided that – ‘if’ for important things
Let’s grab some coffee if you’re free. – not
important
grab some coffee- (casual) have some coffee
You can change your career provided that you have
made a good plan.
- sounds important
You can go to UBC if/provided that you have the
prereqs. (prerequisite courses)
provided that – makes it sound important
You can choose when to use it.
going to the beach? if
getting married? provided that
immigrating to a new country? provided that
getting some ice cream? if
sandwich or burger? if
having an operation? provided that
e.g. Doug can get his knee replacement provided that he
loses 60 pounds.
*unless – changes the situation, opposite of ‘if’ ‘provided
that’
Let’s grab some coffee if you’re free.
Let’s grab some coffee unless you’re busy.
Sarah will go to the beach if it is nice on Saturday.
Sarah will go to the beach unless it is rainy on
Saturday.
Please try a cookie if you can eat wheat.
Please try a cookie unless you are gluten intolerant.
gluten intolerant
lactose intolerant – cannot digest lactose
Let’s take a raincheck on coffee if you are busy. (idiom)
take a raincheck – we will do it later, postpone
STORE sale- No rainchecks!
Let’s go for a hike this Saturday.
Oh, I can’t. Can I take a raincheck?
Do you want to go for a walk today?
I have a doctor’s appointment. Can I take a raincheck?
Doctor’s assistant: Can you come next Wednesday at 3?
You: I have to take a raincheck. I’m busy. I’m
already booked. How about Thursday at 2?
* though (a bit more casual), although, even though – same
meaning
Dave is playing with his kids even though he has a lot of
work to do.
I like the weather even though/ although/ though it is very
hot.
TWO DIFFERENT WAYS
I like the weather although it is very hot.
Although it is very hot, I like the weather.
*in order to -to make something happen
In order to pass the class, you have do pass all your
quizzes and tests.
In order to make bread, you need flour, water, eggs, salt, and
yeast.
Junko is finishing her Math 12 and English 12 in order to
graduate.
*in order that- NOT COMMONLY USED, use ‘in order to’ instead
Junko is finishing her Math 12 and English 12 in order that
she can graduate.
* so ... that
so ADJECTIVE that
Jun is so tall that she has trouble buying pants.
Yesterday was so hot that Mike sat inside of his
refrigerator.
Yesterday was so cold that even the dog wouldn’t go
out.
The math is so hard that Jun has to get a tutor.
The kitten is so small that you can hold it in the
palm of your hand.
Sarah is so tired that she is nodding off in the
meeting.
IDIOM nodding off- falling asleep
SAME MEANING- DIFFERENT STYLE
Because Jun is so tall, she has trouble buying pants.
The iphone 13 is so expensive that I can’t afford it.
COMPLEX- adverb clause
CONFUSING
‘, so’ and ‘so ...
that’ are not the same thing.
, so COMPOUND
so... that COMPLEX
DIFFERENT MEANINGS so that
so...that
so that = in order to
Sarah is saving money so that she can afford an iphone 13.
DIFFERENT THAN , so
Sarah wants to get an iphone 13, so she is saving her money.
COMPOUND
***NOTE: CONFUSION ,
so so that so...that
These terms and words can change the way you express
yourself in English. They can really help you express your thoughts and ideas
clearly and precisely. They are very powerful tools, and you can learn to use
them.
SIDE NOTE: I have a small editing business on the side. I
edit papers for UBC and SFU students, mostly nursing students who are getting
their masters degrees. When I edit a paper for a university, I use SIMPLE,
COMPOUND and COMPLEX sentences.
The stuff we are learning here will get you through school.
Focus on these most useful ones:
after/before
since
until
when/while
if
even if
unless
though/although/even though
so ... that
because
If you would like to send a few examples for HW, please do.
We can share them tomorrow.
**
Overview of the 12 verb tenses in English:
We don’t need all of them.
Most important to know:
-Simple present- habit, habitual action, usual activity,
state, fact
I go to school everyday.
I eat dinner at 3.
She drinks tea.
He is very tall.
Shira lives in Victoria.
Two plus two is four.
-Simple past- one event in the past, finished
I walked my dog last night.
Shira ate dinner last night at 10 o’clock.
She went to night school yesterday.
Taka went to work yesterday afternoon.
I made korma sabzi yesterday.
Kevin had a successful job interview yesterday.
-Simple future- one event to come in the future ‘will’ ‘am
going to’
He will/is going to drive her to swimming practice
tonight.
She is going to watch a movie.
I will cook dinner and then go for a run.
I will go to Superstore around 7.
Shira is going to a restaurant tonight for her birthday.
The kids are going to go to a party tonight.
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