Eng 11 adjective clauses

Writing Academic English

Ch 10 Types of Sentences

Ch 12  Noun Clauses

Ch 13 Adverb Clauses

Ch 14 Adjective Clauses



English sentences
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound-Complex

Complex sentences
adverb clauses
noun clauses
adjective clauses

adjective clauses - describe nouns
S+V = clause

who - people, humans
that - everything, people, animals
which - things that are not alive, special things, unique

whom
where

Joe's sister who lives in Ottawa is a web designer. 2 or more sisters

Joe's sister, who lives in Ottawa, is a web designer.
1 sister
, who lives in Ottawa, - extra information, non-essential clause, non-restrictive clause

Joe's sister, who lives in Ottawa, is a web designer.
*the sentence still gives us enough information to understand it's meaning
Joe's sister is a web designer.
1 sister - enough information is given
2 sisters - not information is given

Juan's brother who is a car lover has a new car.
1 brother ,   ,
2 brothers - no commas

Sarah's mother who loves to play mahjong is retired.
How many mothers? 1 probably 
Commas or no commas?
Sarah's mother, who loves to play mahjong, is retired.
commas because it is extra information
2 commas or no commas

Let's meet at the Starbucks that is on the corner of Robson and Thurlow at 3 o'clock.
essential information = essential clause, restrictive clause

Let's meet at South Hill Education Centre, which is my high school.
non-essential
Let's meet at South Hill Education Centre, which is on the corner of Fraser and 43rd Avenue.

Ling comes from Kaiping which is a smallish city in southern China.
Think about and decide if it is necessary or not.

smallish - kind of small
Let's leave around 5. Let's leave 5ish. 
Let's leave at 5 sharp.

Yoko comes from Tokyo, which is the capital city of Japan.

Yoko comes from Tokyo, that is the capital city of Japan. 'which' is for special things, unique things 

I come from a very small city that/which is close to the Atlantic Ocean.

I come from a very small city called Sydney, Nova Scotia that/which is close to the Atlantic Ocean.

Fred who is my music teacher likes to play volleyball.
Attia , who is our classmate, comes from Egypt originally.
Think and decide.

Surinder's wedding ring, which her husband designed for her, is made of white gold. unique, special

Gold rings are not pure because gold is very soft. Gold comes in 14 karat, 18 karat, 21 karat, and 24 karat, which is the purest form.


, adj cl ,


whose - possession
The little boy whose dog ran away was sad.

A. Children who misbehave get into trouble. Truer
B. Children, who misbehave, get into trouble. Not true. Truish



If you remove the adjective clause, if the sentence still makes sense or gives enough meaning, than use commas.

Kuwait , which is a tiny country, is next to Iraq.

Please take out the book that is about essay writing.

who/whom
SHORT ANSWER whom

The person who I was talking to is my sister.

object pronoun 'who' , choice to be very formal
'whom'

FORMAL/FANCY
The person whom I was talking to is my sister.
SUPERFORMAL/SUPERFANCY
The person to whom I was talking is my sister.

One exception - writing to someone -you don't know their the recipient
Dear Mrs Chen:
Dear Vovo,

To whom it may concern:


VERY FORMAL - unusual, sounds fake
The person to whom I was talking is my sister.
FORMAL - unusual
The person  whom I was talking to is my sister.

AUTHENTIC USAGE
The person who I was talking to is my sister.

MOST NATURAL SOUNDING
The person I was talking to is my sister.

object pronoun - omit it

The dog that you were playing with is cute.
The ring that she bought is made of 24k gold.

You can decide what level of formality you like.

speaking - informal, casual
writing - 

Authentic English - everyday, normal English
Personal writing style

Bon appetit! Good appetite.

Bon provecho Mexico

Help yourself! Enjoy!