8:30 7/10 adj clauses

adjective clauses
subject pronouns
object pronouns
-two ways to write adjective clauses

Victoria which is the capital of BC is a small quiet town. 'which' subject pronoun

Victoria where I am from is a small quiet town.
S+V 'where' object pronoun

The cat that I was playing with scratched me for no reason.
'that' object pronoun - can omit
The cat I was playing with scratched me for no reason. AUTHENTIC

The toy the boy wants is only $5. AUTHENTIC
The toy that the boy wants is only $5. EASIER TO FOLLOW
'that' 'who' 'which' can be omitted

The bus driver who I asked about the schedule was very helpful.
The bus driver whom I asked about the schedule was very helpful. TOO FORMAL
The bus driver that I asked about the schedule was very helpful. NOT THAT POLITE
The bus driver I asked about the schedule was very helpful. AUTHENTIC

whose = shows possession
Maria is a person whose friends always back her up/ support her.
I got your back. I have your back. - I support you.
I am so happy because I feel like you always have my back. I can count on you. I can rely on you.
trust, look to She looks to her mother for support.
'look + to' phrasal verb
look after- take care of, protect

Marie looks to her mother because her mother looks after her. Therefore, Marie looks up to her mother. Things are looking up for Marie. 

phrasal verb - 

whose
The boy whose bag I found on the table last night he thanked me. XXX
The boy whose bag I found on the table last night thanked me.
The boy whose bag was found on the table last night thanked me.
The boy his bag I found on the table last night thanked me. XXX

A. 
object pronoun
2. The chair that Sally inherited from her grandmother is an antique.
The chair which Sally inherited from her grandmother is an antique. sounds special to Sally
subject pronoun
2. Sally inherited a chair that is an antique from her grandmother.

MISPLACED MODIFIERS
Sally inherited a chair from her grandmother that is an antique. XXX
Sally inherited an antique from her grandmother that is a chair. XXX

B.
11. Your career should focus on a field in which you are genuinely interested. 'in' begin with a pronoun, very formal, which
The person to whom you were speaking is my cousin. VERY FORMAL
The person who you were speaking with is my cousin.
The person you were speaking with is my cousin.

field - area of study, area of work

He was an excellent farmer. He was outstanding in his field.
He was an excellent farmer.
He was out standing in his field.
play on words - pun

C.
10. I liked the woman who I met last night. COMPLEX- ADJ CL

I liked the woman. She met me at the party last night. 2 SIMPLES
I liked the woman who met me at the party last night. COMPLEX- ADJ CL
I liked the woman at the party last night who I met her. SLIGHTLY MISPLACED
Manipulating sentences like clay.

me - object
I - subject
I like Sarah.
Sarah doesn't like me
She eats ice cream.
Ice cream doesn't eat her.
he his
we us
they them

C.
2. The girl who won the race is happy.
The girl who is happy won the race.
STYLE
adj cl - less important

3. The student who is from China sits next to me.
The student who sits next to me is from China.

The student is from China who sits next to me. XXX

A.
6. The architect with whom Mario works is brilliant. TOO FORMAL
The architect who Mario works with is brilliant.
The architect Mario works with is brilliant.
The architect who Mario works with him is brilliant. XXX COMMON ERROR

Mario works with an architect who is brilliant.

3. The bench I sat on it was wet.
The bench that I sat on was wet.

I sat on the bench that was wet.

I sat on a wet bench. SIMPLE

I sat on a bench; unfortunately, it was wet. COMPOUND

7. Mary tutors students who/that need extra help in geometry.

'that' sound a little impersonal

The students that/who Mary tutors need extra help in geometry.

The students Mary tutors need extra help in geometry.

Mary tutors students who they need extra help in geometry.

A. 4. The man that/who/OMIT I hired to paint my house finished the job in four days. 
I hired the man to paint my house who finished the job in four days. MISPLACED
I hired the man who finished the job in four days to paint my house.

11:00 7/10 adjective clauses

Midterm report/ Interim report
% 
Quizzes 25% approx
Tests 50% approx
RW 10% approx
Spoken 20% approx
pass mark for BC is 50%
Recommendation minimum is 65%

adjective clauses

HIGH-FREQUENCY WORDS
who - people, polite, respectful
that - things that are not alive, animals
which - things, special things, unique things

LOW-FREQUENCY WORDS
whom
whose - own something, shows possession
The kid whose bike was stolen was sad.
Your friend whose daughter is a math wiz is very proud of her. wiz-wizard, really talented at something, nerdier word
a computer wiz
a piano wiz
a prodigy - a young person who is unusually talented in one area

Who's he?


who
Your sister who is a nurse plays soccer.
When we use an adjective clause, we have to say two things about the subject.
Your sister 1.who is a nurse 2.plays soccer.
'sister' subject, 'plays' verb
'who' subject, 'is' verb
COMMON ERROR
Your sister who is a nurse. frag, sentence fragment
SOLUTIONS
Your sister is a nurse. SIMPLE
Your sister who is a nurse lives in Halifax.

that
The pen that is on the table is yours.
Is that pen yours? SIMPLE question

'that' is used in many different ways in English
Noun clause
She knows that you will be late tomorrow.
Adj cl
The sweater that she bought is made of cashmere.

which
Vietnam which is in southeast Asia has a long history.
Beijing which is the capital of China is a megacity.


whom - not commonly used, very formal
The woman who is by the car is my friend.
'who' subject pronoun
The woman who you were talking to is my friend.
'who' object pronoun
CHOICES FOR AN OBJECT PRONOUN
The woman you were talking to is my friend.
The woman who you were talking to is my friend.
The woman whom you were talking to is my friend. Queen Elizabeth talks like that.
The woman to whom you were talking is my friend. Very formal sounding

To whom it may concern, VERY FORMAL
I shall drive you to the airport. TOO FORMAL
Shall we dance?

You can choose your level of formality. how fancy, how snooty

This is she. It is I.

English is democratic. little use of hierarchy in the language - social levels


People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.

The farmer was an excellent farmer. He was outstanding in his field.
He was out standing in his field.

pun - word joke

bun

optimistic, positive  - a glass-half-full person

pessimistic,negative - a glass-half-empty person 

8:30 7/10 adjective clauses

3 types of sentences:
SIMPLE
COMPOUND
COMPLEX
adverb clauses
noun clauses
adjective clauses

adjective clauses
HIGH FREQUENCY WORDS
who - people, polite, respectful
that - things that are not alive, animals
which - things that are not alive, special things, unique (only one) thing

antique - old, over fifty year old

LOW FREQUENCY WORDS
whom
whose

who
My sister who is a nurse lives in Halifax.
Your brother who likes to play piano performed last week.
When we use an adj cl, we always have to say 
TWO things (v) about the subject of the sentence.
My sister 1.who is a nurse 2.lives in Halifax.
My sister who is a nurse has two dogs.
Her brother who is 2m tall plays rugby.
Her brother who is 2m tall is very gentle with people.
My neighbour who loves to sing karaoke on Saturday nights has a cute dog.
My neighbour who loves to sing karaoke on Saturday nights. frag, sentence fragment - common error

to be is are - characteristics of a person

that - adj cl
The pen that is on the table is yours.
I want to get a dog that has floppy ears.
She is all that. SIMPLE "all that" slang - really cool, great

The dog that has floppy ears I want to get. XXX
COMPLICATED STYLE The dog that has floppy ears is the one that I want to get. 2 adj cl
BASIC EASY STYLE I want to get a dog that has floppy ears.

that - noun clauses
I remember that I have to pick up my kids at 5.

which
Those balloons are for your birthday which is today.

Which day are you free? SIMPLE - interrogative, question
Is today the day that you are free? adj cl NOT AUTHENTIC
Are you free today? AUTHENTIC
Today is the day that my dog arrives from Iran.




Those balloons are for your birthday which are brightly-coloured. MISPLACED MODIFIER
Those balloons which are brightly-coloured are for your birthday.

I gave a table to my sister that has three wooden legs. MISPLACED MODIFIER
I gave a table that has three wooden legs to my sister. describing table, not sister 

Take the medicine that/which I put on the table.
Eat the special magic soup which I made for you.

that/ which - revealing you deeper feeling about the thing

GRAMMAR - structure
adj clauses
1. The woman who is by the tree is my sister. who - subject pronoun
2. The woman who you were talking to is my sister. who - object pronoun
CHOICES FOR AN OBJECT PRONOUN
The woman who you were talking to is my sister. 
The woman whom you were talking to is my sister. VERY UNUSUAL, VERY FORMAL Forget it!
The woman who you were talking to is my sister. 
The woman you were talking to is my sister. MOST AUTHENTIC - OMIT 'who'

LEVELS OF FORMALITY, POLITENESS, FANCINESS
The woman you were talking to is my sister.
The woman who you were talking to is my sister.
The woman whom you were talking to is my sister.
The woman to whom you were talking is my sister.
The woman to whom you were speaking is my sister. VERY FORMAL, LIKE Queen Elizabeth II talking

You have to pick your style.
It's me.
It is I.
It is he.

thee
thou
you

11:00 7/10 adjective clauses

- SIMPLE
- COMPOUND
, and , but
;
; moreover,
- COMPLEX
adv cl
noun cl QUIZ TOMORROW
adjective clause

adjectives 
Opinion Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose NOUN
She bought a nice green leather jacket.
Joe found an ancient Japanese wooden soup spoon.

Maria bought a beautiful, expensive diamond ring for her birthday.
Maria bought a expensive, beautiful diamond ring for her birthday.

Dave's son is a cute, adorable little two-year-old.
Dave's son is a adorable, cute little two-year-old.
Dave's son is a cute chubby two-month-old.
Dave's son is a cute and chubby two-month-old. NOT AUTHENTIC SOUNDING

This is a two-hour class.
This class is two hours long.
She is 30 years old.
She is a 30-year-old.
You wrote this paper well.
This is a well-written paper.

adjective clauses- more complicated ideas than just colour, size

HIGH-FREQUENCY WORDS
who - people, all people, polite
that - things that are not alive, animals
which - things, special things, unique things (only one)

LOW-FREQUENCY WORDS
whom - easy advice Forget it! Nobody uses it.
whose

I was playing with a big black and white cat that came into my yard.
I was playing with a came into my yard cat. XXX
Vancouver has many countries people. XXX
Vancouver has people who are from many countries.

who
The Korean woman who I was talking to on the bus spat on me by mistake.

that
Maria bought a phone that has a five-inch screen.
I was feeding a giraffe that had a two-metre long neck.

which
Doris has a diamond ring that which her boyfriend gave her.
Sarah's ring that is made of 14 karat gold is very old.
that/which - show our feeling/emotion

I have a picture that/which my son drew when he was three.
You can decide.
Shera comes from a small town that/which is in Saskatchewan.
Shera's hometown that/which is in Saskatchewan is very small.

flat The Praries 


TWO WAYS TO DO AN ADJ CL
The kid who is playing in the park is her cousin.
subject pronoun -who
S V
The kid who my son is playing with is her cousin.
object pronoun

The kid my son is playing with is her cousin.
The kid whom my son is playing with is her cousin.
The kid whom my son is playing with is her cousin. whom - object pronoun, very formal, we don't use it.

INSTEAD OF 'WHOM'
The kids who my son is playing with is his cousin.
The kids my son is playing with is his cousin.

ONLY TIME YOU HAVE TO USE 'WHOM'
To whom it may concern,

11:00 7/10 adv cl quiz and para

Seize every day! Carpe diem!

Paragraphs and quizzes
Top right-hand corner
Full name
Class
Time

RW - extra points

Eating too much sugar will get sick easily. XXX
Clauses S+V
If my son eats too much sugar, he will get sick easily.
SIMPLE
COMPOUND
COMPLEX
Eating too much sugar will make you sick.

provided that 
He wants to go to UBC provided that he should work hard in his studies.  XXX

He will go to UBC provided that he should work hard in his studies.  XXX

He will go to UBC provided that he works hard in his studies.

He will go to UBC, so he should work hard in his studies.

ancestor - great great great grandmother, not alive

elders - still alive

We follow our ancestor's teaching even though they are outdated.

Many people live by the religious books of their ancestors even though they were written in a pre-scientific era.

even though they are old-fashioned.

so that

Maria is saving money so that she can go on a vacation to Hawai'i.

so... that

It was so cold yesterday that Shirley got her tongue frozen to a lamp pole.

adjective , adverb - descriptive words

Sarah dances so beautifully that that audience was crying.

Jonathan sang so wonderfully that the audience gave him a standing ovation. a standing O

even if modern

I prefer modern buildings even if they are strange looking.

8:30 7/10 ADJ CLAUSES

adjective clauses

adjectives - describe nouns

Order of Adjectives
Opinion Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose NOUN
It is a beautiful green tea cup.
Vancouver is a quiet, clean city. Both opinion , can be switched
Vancouver is a clean, quiet city.
She has a pretty big old round red Japanese wooden soup spoon.
She has an old wooden soup spoon.
She has an old, wooden, and soup spoon. XXX
She has a big old wooden soup spoon.

She has a big, old, and wooden soup spoon. XXX

adjective clauses - more complicated descriptions

high-frequency words

who - people, polite, respectful

that - things that are not alive, animals

which - things not alive, special things , unique things (only one)

lower frequency words

whom - solution Nobody says 'whom'. Forget it.

whose

who

The woman who lives next to me likes to go to the casino to gamble.

The person who was sitting next to me on the bus accidentally spit on me.

that

The pen that I found in the old house looks like it might be an antique.

I saw a dog who/that was catching frisbees in its mouth.

which

Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a huge city.

She comes from a small city that is located in Saskatchewan. It is called Saskatoon.

Her wedding ring, that/which her husband gave her, is made of white gold.

Her ring that is made of gold was not too expensive.

that - not special

which - special

I returned the diamond wedding ring that/which I found on the table.

You can express your opinion or emotion about the object. that/which

8:30 7/10 quiz and para RW

Tests and quizzes

Upper right hand corner
Full name
Class name
Class time

Adverb clause Quiz

Mr Wei confessed to GERUND.
gerund - 'ing' word, noun

skiing - verb He is skiing today.
skiing - noun She likes skiing.

Maria likes swimming in the ocean. gerund- noun
Maria likes to swim in the ocean. infinitive "to V"

Mr. Wei confessed to carving the characters himself when he was a young student. gerund- noun
The criminal confessed to steal the diamond necklace. XXX
The criminal confessed to stealing the diamond necklace.
I admitted to eating all the cookies.

phrasal verbs - verb + preposition
They are so important that you should be learning lots of them.
talk to  I talk to you.
talk with
talk about - discuss, gossip
talk over -
talk under
talk back

look
drive to
drive away
drive at - insinuating something but not being overt
AL: I don't know what she was driving at.
BOB: She was insinuating that you stole her pencil.


so that - in order that, in order to
She is saving money so that she can go on a vacation to Hawai'i.

so...that
It was so cold yesterday that her tongue froze to a light pole.
descriptive words- adjective or adverb
She dances so beautifully that the audience cries.

I admire my father so much that I try to copy him.
Your father is so admirable that he is a role model for all of us.
Your mother was so strong that she was able to raise 15 kids by herself.

provided that - 'if' for serious things
You can't play with your computer provided that you don't do your homework. XXX NEGATIVE
You can play with your computer provided that you do your homework. POSITIVE

as long as - 'if' for serious things - positive
As long as you finish your chores, you are a free man.


white-out, liquid paper, correction fluid, correction tape

as long as - if, time
You can marry Jacob as long as you are sure. if
He has wanted to to have a garden for as long as he can remember.
I will never forget him for as long as I live. TIME

That snake is as long as my arm. COMPARISON

The questions that she answered was so hard that they admire her.


I will go to nursing school provided that I need to finish English 12 and Biology 12. XXX

I want to go to nursing school, so I need to finish English 12 and Biology 12.


Me/I and my sister My sister and I went to the mall.






ancestor - someone who died a long time ago
great great great great grandmother

elder - old family member who is still alive