P2 EF71011 Class 26

 

Leisure Access Card- Olena

 

COMING UP IN A WEEK OR SO

- letter writing- business letter format, complaint letters, advocacy letters Amnesty International

 

Today’s Agenda

·      Attendance

·      “Self-Assessment Reflection” Week 6

·      Midterm recommendations

·      Modals from yesterday

·      Vocab leftover?

·      New article

·      Poetry

 

Monday

 

 

**

Modals/Modal auxiliaries

Modals/ Modal Auxiliaries

modals / modal auxiliaries

 

model

 

modal(adj)

mode(n)

music modes-

photocopier/printer – modes

 

auxiliary verb- extra verb, helper verb

 

modal auxiliary – extremely useful, high-frequency

 

Example:

can

can + eat   can eat

I can eat

You can eat

They can eat

 

can ate XXX

can eating XXX

can to eat XXX

 

 

MOST HIGH-FREQUENCY MODALS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

one-word modals

-can

-could

-may

-might

-must

-shall RARELY USED

-should

-will

-would

 

 

two-word modals

-have to

-need to

-ought to

-used to- activity in the past, not now

 

three-word modals

-be able to

-be going to

-be supposed to

-have got to

 

He should get a new coat. -opinion

He ought to get a new coat. -opinion

IDIOM Don’t should me.

 

She used to do yoga, but these days she is too busy.

He used to own a business.

I used to live in the UK, but now I live in Canada.

Jun used to be a science teacher.

They used to be married, but they split up/separated/divorced.

 

DIFFERENT MEANING get used to- become comfortable with, accept it

I didn’t feel at home at first, but now I am used to it.

Have you gotten used to the different education system?

 

 

I am used to living in Canada. complete

I am getting used to living in Canada. in process

I am used to NOUN.

I am used to the job.

I am used to his kind of humour.

 

She is not used to getting up so early.

 

IN PROGRESS I am getting used to the new job.

I get used to the new job. simple present- every day

 

SONG LYRIC “I have grown accustomed to his face.”

VOCAB lyric- the words of a song

 

 

VERB TENSE

simple future

will- decide right now

be going to- already planned

 

I am going to go shopping at Ikea.

I am going to check out Oakridge Mall.

 

The farm has raised strawberry beds.

 

 

IDIOM It is a work in process. not finished, ongoing

CASUAL How is it going?

ANSWER It’s going.

 

 

 

 

GRAMMAR FOR MODALS

modal + infinitive – ‘to’     infinitive “to go”

 

might + to go = might go      She might go home early today.

                                                   You might go home early today.

                                                   I might go home early today.

                                                   She might go home early today.

 

have got to – very strong ‘must’

You have got to lock the door when you leave.

 

MODAL? might as well – probably best to do it for convenience

I might as well get some gas.

 

I will clean the room.

I would clean the room. unusual

 

I would like to help you.

 

USEFUL PHRASE FOR GIVING ADVICE

You should apologize to your sister..

If I were you, I would apologize to your sister.

 

I would drive you, but I don’t have time. HYPOTHETICAL SITUATION- low middle frequency

 

ASKING FOR HELP

Can you help me?

Could you help me?

Would you help me?

 

 

 

When I was younger, I could run fast. – suggests the past

He could drive you at 6 . suggests the future

 

Would you help me? stronger emotion

Could you help me?

 

 

SIMPLE PRESENT

subject/verb agreement SV AGR

I go

You go

He goes

 

MODAL

should + to go = should go

I should go

You should go

She should go

We should go

 

NEXT LEVEL

might + go to sleep

might be  GERUND

might be sleeping

might be working

 

 

MODAL + INFINITIVE –‘to’

must + to try = must try        We must try to be patient.

                                                   You must try these wontons.

 

 

 

*shall

I shall ...  Forget it!

We shall go. NOT COMMONLY USED

possible for polite invitation, affected, formal: Shall we go? Let’s go.

Shall we dance?

Shall We Dance Japanese movie

Not common English- very special usage

 

I use ‘shall’ everyday in this class.

Let’s take a break, shall we? POLITE

 

Verb structure for modals:

 

modal + infinitive – ‘to’

*will – simple future

e.g.    will + to watch= will watch

Mei will watch her sister play violin in the orchestra tonight.

We will take a month=long break.

 

Modals- the verb doesn’t have to agree

will go

I will go

You will go

We will go

She will go

 

 

might + go

We might go to the grad tomorrow night.

 

We might go/might be going to Hawaii for vacation.

 

 

What a ripoff! Capilano Bridge is ripoff. It is a tourist trap.

 

 

12. If I were rich, I would travel the world. GRAMMARY – subjunctive mood- dreaming, hypothetical, not reality

 

If I was were rich, I would buy a house.

If she were to get into UBC, she would be ecstatic.

VOCAB ecstatic- overcome with joy

elated, overjoyed,

IDIOM over the moon

 

 

HANDOUT

“10-10 Summary Chart of Modals and Similar Expressions”

 

*may- permission

May I order a coffee? -polite request

You may leave early. VERY POLITE, VERY FORMAL, NOT COMMON

Commonly used “You can”

 

“Can I have a coffee?” MORE AUTHENTIC, MORE CASUAL

 

CHOICE: May I   Can I

 

*might- maybe yes, maybe no

He might go to party.   might + to go

COMMON ERRORS

He might goes to party.  XXX

He might went to party.  XXX

He might going to party.   XXX

 

HIGHER LEVEL EF6

might + am going

might + to be going

might be going

She might be sleeping.

 

 

 

 

MODALS SUGGEST TENSES

She might be sleeping. suggests the present , now

HIGHER LEVEL

She might have been sleeping when you phoned her. suggests the past

 

‘might’ is more commonly used than ‘may’

 

She might have been sleeping when you phoned her. MORE AUTHENTIC

She may have been sleeping when you phoned her. GRAMMAR BOOK

 

*should- advice

should + to ABC

I should try the new flavour of ice cream.

ERRORS

I should to try the new flavour of ice cream.

I should trying the new flavour of ice cream.

I should tried the new flavour of ice cream.

 

YOUR ONLY OPTION

I should try the new flavour of ice cream.

 

*ought to- should

two-word modal

ought to + to call

I ought to call my sister more often.

 

*had better – strong should, closer to ‘must’

MEANING It would be better if you did this.

My son had better go to bed early tonight.

He had better leave his country before a war starts.

 

 

 

*be supposed to – obliged, responsibility

three-word modal

Students are supposed to get to class on time.

We are supposed to will finish our class today.

I am supposed to have to get my marks in this afternoon

I am supposed to go to work, but I might not.

Kids are supposed to read everyday after school. Do they?

You were supposed to clean up the bathroom yesterday. Why didn’t you do it.

I am supposed to pick up my daughter from school, but my boss asked me to work late.

Am I supposed to bring anything to the party?

Is that little kid supposed to be playing with those sharp knives?

Is your hair supposed to look like that?

 

*must

The doctor said that I must quit smoking.

She must get to work on time.

 

*have to – weak ‘must’

We have to get groceries tomorrow.

He has to pick up his daughter at/from school.

have to – has to

I have to

He has to

We have to

Sarah has to

 

have to = need to

You need to calm down.

He needs to get a better job.

She needs to be more proficient in English.

We need to buy a car.

 

*have got to – very strong ‘must’, really important

I have got to take my medication every day.

A diabetic person has got to watch their sugars.

He has got to return the money that he borrowed from Big Louis. ADJ CL

I have got to pay my parking ticket by tomorrow, or the price will go up.

 

She has got to bring her passport to the airport.

She has got to remember to bring her passport to the airport.

 

NEW VERB FORM

I have to remember to call my sister.

He remembered to send a birthday card.

 

*will- simple future

*be going to- simple future

 

*can- ability

She can speak three languages.

Can I borrow your phone for a second?

 

*could – possibility, request

Could you help me?

Could you drive me to the airport?

I could bring an extra tent if you want.

We could try a new dance if you like.

could – suggests the future

 

can/could

Can you help me? Could you help me?- almost the same meaning. ‘could’ sounds a little deferential

deferential- excessively polite, too much

 

suggests the past

He could to have gone to the US, but he decided to come to Canada.

He could have gone to the US.

He has gone to the US.

I could run fast when I was a child.

I could swim when I was five.

 

I couldn’t find my phone this morning. – suggest the past

 

I could/can pick you up tomorrow if you want. suggest the future

 

I can swim two km. suggest now

 

I can drive tomorrow. more forceful, confident

I could drive tomorrow. more deferent

 

*be able to- ability NOT AS COMMONLY USED

He will not be able to come to class tomorrow.

 

*would

Would you like tea or coffee?

I would like some coffee, please.

 

*used to – activity in the past

She used to drink coffee, but (now) she switched to yerba mate.

She used to drink coffee, but now she prefers yerba mate.

yerba mate- substitute for coffee, very healthy

 

She used to do yoga, but now she is too busy.

 

 

 

 

 

 

He used to be able to write Chinese characters, but he forgot most of them.

He was able to write Chinese characters, but he forgot most of them.

used to use to

 

COMPLICATED VERB She used to be able to speak Arabic, but she forgot a lot of it.

EASIER VERB She used to speak Arabic, but she forgot a lot of it.

 

Jun used to play badminton when she was a kid. She doesn’t play any more.

 

He didn’t used to like sushi, but now he can’t get enough of it.

IDIOM can’t get enough- really like it

 

I lived in Turkey. SIMPLE PAST V TENSE

I used to live in Turkey. MODAL- suggests the past

 

I was able to live in Turkey. I was not able to live in the US.

He was not able to enter the US.

She was not able to enter the US legally, so she snuck across the border.

 

 

13. You should/ought to have studied harder. You would/might have doe better.

I should have invested in Microsoft in 1989.

 

IDIOM Should’ve. Could’ve. Didn’t.

 

We all could have chosen differently.

 

18. Will Are you going to go to Sarah’s party?

Are you going to take a class this summer?

No. I’m going to take a break this summer. I have to look after the kids.

**

 

The Honour Roll. The Dean’s List – top students

Honours Students

 

motivate(v) give a reason to act

motive(n)

encourage(v) courage(n) – bravery

 

 

The barbecue was postponed owing to/due to/because of the weather.

 

The kids was suspended for one day for fighting.

 

It was the last straw. The straw that broke the camel’s back.

 

 

imply(v) – to suggest without being really clear or direct

implication(n)

IDIOM Beat around the bush.

infer(v) – to make guess about what the other person means

inference(n)

 

**

Quiz 2

Devices and notes put away.

Write a sentence with an adverb clause for each.

1.    because     credentials

2.    if                  squander  

3.    since           overqualified

4.    until            hurdle       

5.    after            mistake

6.    while           market