EF5/6 adjective clauses and nouns modifying nouns

Sentences-
SIMPLE
COMPOUND
COMPLEX
adjective clauses

HIGH FREQUENCY WORDS who, that, which
'Which' is for things that are specific or special.

LOWER FREQUENCY whose, where
"The town where she was born is very beautiful."
"The town where that she was born in is very beautiful."
South Hill, where we study English and other courses, is in South Van.
South Hill, where which is the place we study English and other courses, is in South Van.

VERY LOW FREQUENCY whom
One situation where you have to use it:
To whom it may concern,
This letter (it) is for whoever is interested.

"It doesn't concern you. It's none of your business."
"Mind your own business." 
"Mind your own biscuits and life will be gravy." 
"It's all gravy." Everything is good.
"My life is gravy."
"I am in the pink."
"He is living on Easy Street."
"She went to the school of hard knocks."

concern - 2 meanings - worry, interest
Marie is concerned about her daughter's school work.
My son's health is my main concern.
Joan has some business concerns in China.
My daughter's health is concerning to me.
I am concerned about you.

adjective + noun
a green dress

noun + noun
a school book  'school' acting like an adjective, but it is a noun

noun + noun  NO 's', cannot be plural

a books bag XXX
a book bag

a shoes store XXX
a shoestore

He is five years old. 'five years old' is not modifying anything
He is a boy.
He is a five years old boy. XXX
He is a five-year-old boy. 'five-year-old' is modifying boy
They are both five-year-old boys.

This is an English class.
This is a five weeks class. XXX
This is a five-week class.
These are all five-week summer classes.
These classes are all five weeks long.
-noun modifying a noun, no 's'

1. I would never marry a person who smokes and drinks too much.
2. My brother bought a dog that is black and white colour.
My brother bought a dog that has black and white fur.
My brother's dog which is black and white is a Dalmation.
My brother's dog, which is black and white, is a Dalmation.
, adj cl, extra information but not essential

Tokyo, which is the capital of Japan, is a beautiful city. -only one Tokyo

My water bottle which is on the table is full.
My water bottle, which is on the table, is full.


South Hill Education Centre, which is on Fraser Street, is a 100-year-old school. - extra information

Let's meet at the Starbucks which is on the corner of Robson and Granville. - important information, not extra information


A. All people who are born in Canada are automatically Canadian citizens. TRUE
B. All people, who are born in Canada, are automatically Canadian citizens. NOT TRUE

A. Children who tell lies get into trouble. TRUE
B. Children, who tell lies, get into trouble. NOT TRUE

A. Hakim's mother, who is retired, plays mahjong. TRUE
B. Hakim's mother who is retired plays mahjong. SOUNDS LIKE HE HAS MORE THAN ONE WOMAN WHO IS HIS MOTHER - step-mother, adopted mother, birth mother

A. Jasmin's sister who lives in Halifax is a nurse.
essential clause/restrictive clause
B. Jasmin's sister, who lives in Halifax, is a nurse.
non-essential clause, non-restrictive clause
A/B How many sisters? 1 or more than 1