English Foundations 5/6
Good morning, everyone.
We will get started at 8:30
Al Haley ahaley@vsb.bc.ca
Class blog: haleyshec.blogspot.com
Today’s agenda
·
Quiz #2 – compound sentences
·
Return Test1
Go over structure
·
Listening questions
Wednesday
·
Talk about teeth
·
Begin complex sentences- adverb clauses
·
Grabbers for paragraphs
·
Thursday
·
Begin – how to use quotation marks “”
Quiz#2
Write a compound sentence for each.
Submit it to me by 9:00.
1.
balcony and
2.
community so
3.
overlook happily
4.
distribute however
5.
court therefore
6.
entrepreneur also
Test #1 Paragraph
- 125-150 word paragraph
- doublespace
-one block of writing
-write in pen
-indent the first word of the first sentence
-name and classin top righthand corner
- paper not upside down
In general, they were good-looking paragraphs, especially
for first paragraphs.
Structure (parts that are essential):
·
Grabber- 7 ways to do a grabber- tomorrow
1.question
2.history
3 anecdote
4 fact or statistic
5 general to specific (funnel)
5 saying, adage
6 quotation from a famous person
·
Topic sentence- clear statement linked to the
question
- clear, obvious what your topic sentence is
- TS gives direction to the paragraph, like a rudder on a boat
-
borrow words from the question, use synonyms
e.g. Why did Rosa or Viola take the actions they did?
Rosa took the actions that she did because of three reasons.
Viola acted as she did because she wanted to fight against
injustice.
Viola acted as she did because she wanted to fight against the
unfair rules.
·
Supporting sentences – 3-6 sentences supporting
the Topic Sentence.
3-6 legs supporting an argument
·
Concluding sentence – a way to wrap up the
paragraph
e.g. Viola and Rosa were both very brave when they raised
their voices against the unfair situation.
Viola is a hero to me because she was so brave.
We all should respect Rosa for standing up for her rights.
Edit. Rewrite
Question #1- Which is the topic sentence?
What are the 3-4 points?
This is just paragraph #1. We are in the first stages of paragraph
writing.
- structure
Grabber
Topic sentence
Supporting sentences
Conclusing sentence
- quality of the sentences
verb tense, verbs form, punctuation
sentence types
- phrasing , expressing the ideas clearly in English
building vocabulary – word forms –
e.g. equal equality just justice fair fairness fairly
*You don’t need fancy vocab, but you must be able to control
the vocab that you know.
-authentic expression – Saying it in English the way an English-speaker
would.
*You can do this! Keep working. It’s getting better.
Compare to three months ago, three years ago. You have come
a long way.
Give yourself a pat on the back. Be gentle with yourself.
Just keep working and your English will keep improving.
Try not to get discouraged. Don’t quit!
Your English is already good enough to have a good life in Canada.
We are striving, stretching, reaching, working for even more.
*** Tomorrow – complex sentences- adverb clauses
Adverb clauses
REVIEW OF SENTENCE STYLES
*SIMPLE – 1 main/independent
clause
SV SSV
SVV SSVV Imperative
Interrogative
*COMPOUND , SOBA
; ; TRANS,
2 main clauses/independent clauses
joined together
1. FANBOYS
SOBA
2. ;
semicolon
3. ;
TRANS,
*COMPLEX - 1 main clause and 1
subordinate clause
- adverb clauses THIS WEEK
- noun clauses NEXT WEEK
- adjective clauses IN TWO WEEKS
COMPLEX SENTENCES= simple sentence + subordinate clause
main
clause + subordinate clause
COMPLEX SENTENCE- ADVERB CLAUSES
- because when if (most commonly
used)
Two ways to make a sentence with
an adverb clause
because – reason
Jun is happy today. Her son is visiting her. Two main clauses. Two
simple sentences.
Turn one of the main clauses into
a subordinate clause.
1.
main clause
+ adverb clause
Jun is happy today because
her son is visiting her.
NOTE: no comma before because,
small desail
2.
adverb clause, +
main clause
Because Jun’s son is visiting her, she
is happy today.
NOTE: use a comma
Either way is good. It is your
choice.
** OLD-FASHIONED RULE- Don’t start your sentences with ‘because’.
It’s fine. I do. We can ignore
this rule.
Because it’s snowy, some people are a little late. OK, my opinion
Some people are a little late because it’s snowy. Alternative
Either way is fine. It’s your
choice.
Some people are a little late, because it’s snowy. XXX
Don’t put a comma before
‘because’. You will see people do it, but it isn’t the best choice.
Stylistic choice. writing style
MY FREE ADVICE- Be consistent.
MAIN THING ABOUT COMMAS:
The baby is crying because
she is tired. NO COMMA
Because the baby is tired,
she is crying. COMMA
MAIN CLAUSE (SIMPLE SENTENCE)
ADVERB CLAUSE
MAIN CL + ADVERB CL = COMPLEX SENTENCE
Do it like that. Everything will
be ok.
when - time
1.
main clause
+ adverb clause
My dog gets up when I get up. no comma
2. adverb
clause, + main clause
When I get up, my
dog gets up. comma
SAME MEANING- your choice
When Harim got up this morning,
she was surprised to see snow on the ground.
Harim was surprised to see snow on
the ground when she got up this morning.
when – same time, pretty much the
same time
after, before – not the same time
Harim was surprised to see snow on the ground after
she got up this morning.
when – one time, once
whenever- everytime, happens many
times
Whenever the dog has to pee, he rings a bell on the door.
My neighbour’s dog escapes
whenever they let it out in the backyard.
Whenever it rains, I use an
umbrella.
I use an umbrella whenever it
rains.
if- maybe yes, maybe no, don’t
know
1.
main clause
+ adverb clause
Maria should start saving her
money if she wants to buy that
expensive dress. no comma
2.
adverb clause, +
main clause
If Maria wants to buy that
expensive dress, she should start saving her money.
comma
Call me if
you want to go for a hike.
If there is heavy snow,
listen to the radio regarding school cancellations.
Listen to the radio. imperative
(simple sentence)
***
**
Model for adverb clauses:
Main clause adverb
clause.
Adverb clause, main clause.
**
***
**** YOUR CHOICE. You should be
able to do it both ways. GOAL! ****
‘if’ – past, present, future
My sister would play with her
dolls if she was bored.
Let’s grab some coffee if you are
free now.
I will call you if I need a lift
to the airport.
EXAMPLES:
You should call your sister if you
want a ride from the airport.
If you want a ride from the
airport, you should call your sister.
You should call your sister, if
you want a ride from the airport. XXX punc
-small error, does not impede
understanding, still not right
IMPERATIVE: Call your sister.
Call your sister if you want to
get a ride.
If you want to get a ride, call
your sister.
COMPOUND
2 independent clauses put together
COMPLEX
1 independent clause and 1
dependent clause put together
COMPOUND
We are going camping this weekend,
so we have to pack our gear.
COMPLEX
We have to pack our gear because
we are going camping this weekend.
Because we are going camping this
weekend, we have to pack our gear.
Same information- different
sentence styles- compound and complex
GOOD WORDS FOR ADVERB CLAUSES
* Adverbial conjunctions (adverb clause
words)
Learning these will expand your ability to
express your thoughts more clearly and precisely in English.
** When you learn these 24, you will be a star
in your English class!
time- after, before, ever since,
since, until, when, whenever,
while
place- wherever
condition - if, even if, provided that, unless
manner- as, as if, though, although, even though, so ... that
cause- because,
since
purpose- in order that, in order to, so that,
*after- time
The kids did their homework after
supper. prepositional phrase SIMPLE
The kids did their homework after SV
supper. COMPLEX- ADVERB CL
The kids did their homework after they
finished/had/ate supper. no comma
After the kids finished supper, they
did their homework. comma
This is an important difference!
The kids did their homework after
supper. SIMPLE
The kids did their homework after they
finished supper. COMPLEX
After they finished supper, the
kids did their homework. COMPLEX
The kids finished supper, and they did their
homework. COMPOUND
Choice!!
* before- Call me before you leave. complex- adverb clause
Call
me before 8pm. simple
-since – two meanings: time, reason
since-time
May has lived in Canada since 1998.
SIMPLE
May has lived in Canada since SV 1998.
May has lived in Canada since she moved/arrived/came/immigrated here from
Vietnam in 1998. COMPLEX
* NOTE: simple past instead past perfect
Past perfect is not commonly used by native
English speakers.
May has lived in Canada since she had
moved here from Vietnam in 1998.
May has lived in Canada since she moved
here from Vietnam in 1998.
-since – reason, same as ‘because’
I am a little frustrated right now because
the internet keeps dropping out.
I am a little frustrated right now since
the internet keeps dropping out.
Because the internet keeps dropping out, I
am a little frustrated right now.
Since the internet keeps dropping out,
I am a little frustrated right now.
because/since – Your choice. Mix it up!
due to + noun
I am a little frustrated right now due to the
internet dropping out. SIMPLE
‘dropping’- noun, gerund
-until – time (waiting)
I will wait until you finish.
Until you finish, I will wait. Don’t
sound natural. Sounds like poetry. Good for a poem or a song, or a love letter.
Use your ear. Does it sound good?
I have been waiting for you until now. SIMPLE
I was waiting for you until 10 pm. SIMPLE
I was waiting for you until I fell asleep. COMPLEX
I was waiting for you until your sister
called me. COMPLEX
I will keep learning English until I am
fluent. COMPLEX
Sara will keep learning English until she
is fluent. COMPLEX
NOTE: until – good for writing
- til – very casual, good for talking not for
school writing
Same as ‘because’ - for writing ‘cause’- very casual talking, not for
school writing
til- casual, for spoken, not for writing
cause, cuz- casual, for spoken, not for
writing
-when/while
when – one time
while – two actions happening at the same
time
You were working while I was sleeping.
While you are in school, your kids are in
daycare.
Students were using their cell phones while
the teacher was teaching.
STRANGE Maria was washing the dishes while
the phone rang.
phone rang *
washing
_______________________________
Maria was washing the dishes while the phone
was ringing. UNLIKELY
while – Maria was washing the dishes while
her husband was sweeping the floor.
sweeping
*******************************************
washing
___________________________________________
I can’t talk to you while I am driving. I
will call you back when I park my car.
Sarah was washing the dishes when the phone
rang. one moment in
time
Sarah was washing the dishes while Joe was
watching TV.
My daughter was reading while I was playing
guitar.
simple present
I get up early while you get up late.
TRUE FACT: It is difficult to differentiate
between these right now. That will come with practice.
‘while’ fits well with continuous tenses ‘ing’
My dog stares at me while I am sleeping.
My dog likes to hold hands while he is
lying down.
He sings while he is driving. COMPLEX
He sings while driving. SIMPLE
The music is beautiful while sad. sounds like
grammar book
The music is beautiful but sad. sounds more
authentic SIMPLE
The music is beautiful, but it is sad.
COMPOUND
* since/ever since
since – time
ever since – feel like a long time
Marie has been waiting for the bus since 9:30.
(less than five minutes) SIMPLE
Marie has been waiting for the bus ever since
9:00. (more than 35 minutes) SIMPLE
ever since – feels like a long time
Mui has been living in Vancouver since she
came to Canada. COMPLEX
Mui has been living in Vancouver ever since
she came to Canada in 1975. COMPLEX -adverb clause
We have been friends since we were nine years
old.
We have been BFFs ever since we were nine
years old.
BFF – best friends forever
Maria has lived in Canada since 1990.
simple
Maria has lived in Canada since she moved
from Indonesia in 1990. complex- adverb clause
Maria has lived in Canada since 2018.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Maria has lived in Canada ever since
1978. long time SIMPLE SENTENCE
Maria has lived in Canada since she moved
from Japan in 2018. COMPLEX SENTENCE adverb clause
Maria has lived in Canada ever since she
moved from Japan in 1978. long time
We have been in class since 8:30. doesn’t
feel like a long time
We have been waiting for the bus ever since
8:30. feels like a long time
MODELS using ‘since’ in simple sentences:
I came to Canada since 2019. XXX
I came to Canada in 2019. SIMPLE
I have lived in Canada since 2019. SIMPLE
I have been in Canada for two years. SIMPLE
I lived in Canada since 2019. Not the best
verb choice.
I have lived in Canada since 2019.
I have lived in Canada since April, 2019.
I have lived in Canada since April 24th,
2019.
-whenever -every time
Whenever her dog is left alone, he
tips over the garbage and makes a mess.
Her dog tips over the garbage and makes a
mess whenever he is left alone.
Emiko feels homesick whenever she looks at
her photo album of family pictures.
Whenever Emiko looks at her photo album of
family pictures, she feels homesick.
Whenever he drinks water, he spills it all
over himself like an old man or a kid.
*if
Sarah will go to the party if she is free.
We will go to the park if it is sunny.
If it is sunny, we will go to the
park.
*even if
Sarah will not go to the party even if she
is free.
We will go to the park even if it is not
sunny.
I will buy a new phone if I can afford it.
Will I buy a new phone? YES/NO
I will not buy a new phone even if I can
afford it. Will I buy a new phone? NO
* even though – the situation is true, not
conditional
* even if – maybe YES, maybe NO, conditional
Sheila will not go to the party even
though she was invited. Was she invited? YES
Sheila will not go to the party even if
she is invited. Was she invited? Uncertain.
I go kayaking even if it is raining.
*provided that – ‘if’ for important things
Let’s grab some coffee if you’re free.
– not important
You can change your career provided that
you have made a good plan.
- sounds important
You can go to UBC if/provided that you
have the prereqs. (prerequisite courses)
provided that – makes it sound important
You can choose when to use it.
going to the beach?
getting married?
immigrating to a new country?
getting some ice cream?
We can continue to be friends provided that
you recipicate the support I give you.
grab some coffee- (casual) have some coffee
*unless – changes the situation, opposite of
‘if’ ‘provided that’
Let’s grab some coffee if you’re free.
Let’s grab some coffee unless you’re
busy.
Sarah will go to the beach if it is nice on
Saturday.
Sarah will go to the beach unless it is rainy
on Saturday.
Let’s take a raincheck on coffee if you are
busy. (idiom)
take a raincheck – we will do it later,
postpone
Let’s go for a hike this Saturday.
Oh, I can’t. Can I take a raincheck?
Do you want to go for a walk today?
I have a doctor’s appointment. Can I take a
raincheck?
Doctor’s assistant: Can you come next
Wednesday at 3?
You: I have to take a raincheck. I’m
busy. I’m already booked. How about Thursday at 2?
* though (a bit more casual), although, even
though – same meaning
Dave is playing with his kids even though he
has a lot of work to do.
I like the weather even though/ although/
though it is very hot.
TWO DIFFERENT WAYS
I like the weather although it is very hot.
Although it is very hot, I like the weather.
* so ... that
so ADJ that
Jun is so tall that she has trouble
buying pants.
Yesterday was so hot that Mike sat
inside of his refrigerator.
The kitten is so small that you can
hold it in the palm of your hand.
Sarah is so tired that she is nodding
off in the meeting.
IDIOM nodding off- falling asleep
SAME MEANING- DIFFERENT STYLE
Because Jun is so tall, she has
trouble buying pants.
‘, so’
and ‘so ... that’ are not the same thing.
,so COMPOUND
so... that COMPLEX
These terms and words can change the way you
express yourself in English. They can really help you express your thoughts and
ideas clearly. They are very powerful tools, and you should learn to use them.
These are very powerful terms that you can
use to express your thoughts. Often, I tell students that should become
familiar with authentic, real English. This is real English that we use all
day, every day.
SIDE NOTE: I have a small editing business on
the side. I edit papers for UBC and SFU students, mostly nursing students who
are getting their masters degrees. When I edit a paper for a university, I use
SIMPLE, COMPOUND and COMPLEX sentences.
The stuff we are learning here will get you
through school.
Focus on these most useful ones:
after/before
since
until
when/while
if
even if
unless
though/although/even though
so ... that
because
We can review a bit next week.
after
After I finish work,
I have to pick up my son at school.
I have to pick up my
son at school after I finish work.
**Source of confusion- difference between compound and
complex sentences, specifically transitional terms and adverbial conjunctions
(adverb clause words)
* Compound sentence – transitional
term
It snowed last night; therefore,
the roads were slick this morning.
* Complex sentence – adverbial
conjunction (adverb clause words)
The roads were slick this morning because
it snowed last night.
These are different kinds of sentences. They may look
similar, but they are not. Definitely you will get them confused sometimes.
Very simple advice to you and to me:
If you want to learn piano, play
piano a little bit every day. In a year, you’ll be good.
If you want to learn piano
to write sentence styles in English, play
piano practice the sentence
styles a little bit every day. In a year, you’ll be good.
When your English is getting better, you will feel great!
However, you have to do the work.
If you learn these, you will be able to express 99.9% of
your ideas.
