EF4 Class 12

 

Good morning, everyone.

We will get started at 8:30

 

Today’s Agenda

·      Begin complex sentences- overview of adverb clauses, noun clauses, and adjectives clauses

·      Begin adverb clauses

·      Continue with verb tense- modals from yesterday

·      Finish “Odd Word Out”

·      Test#2 – paragraph (last 55m)

·      HW   Read, Prepare new dialogue “Making Small Talk”

 

Thursday

·      Continue complex sentences- adverb clauses

·      New dialogue “Making Small Talk”

·       

 

Friday

·      Continue complex sentences- adverb clauses

·      New dialogue “Making Small Talk”

·      3^rd Self-Assessment

 

 

 

SENTENCE TYPES THAT WE WILL BE LEARNING IN DETAIL IN THIS COURSE: over the next number of weeks

 

- sentence types, really important for people developing their English writing and skills, EF4 level

 

Quick overview today, start to go into detail with simple

 

Three main sentence types: simple, compound, complex

 

*SIMPLE SENTENCES – most basic sentence, one clause = subject + verb

clause- group of words with a subject and a verb

subject- noun or pronoun

verb- action word, state of being

 

Kinds of simple sentences:

-SV subject + verb

The snake was very beautiful. SV

Covid-19 is a big worry for all of us. SV

This pen was a gift from my sister. SV

Dora drank some water. SV

 

Covid-19 with a hyphen -

 

-SSV subject+subject+verb

Vancouver and Victoria are nice cities.

The dog and the cat are friends.

North Vancouver and Chiba, Japan are sister cities.

 

-SVV subject+verb+verb

The dog was shaking and was hiding.

The little girl is playing and is laughing.

I went to my son’s house and played with my grandchildren.

We were laughing and having a good time.

 

 

SSVV

The husband and wife are arguing and fighting.

The husband and wife are holding hands and smiling.

 

SV   SSV   SVV   SSVV

 

-Imperatives- command, tell someone to do something, order

polite- please- “The magic word.”

‘You Close the door, please.’

‘You Come in.’

‘Be quiet.’

‘Turn on the light.’

‘Make your bed.’

‘Watch out.’

You watch out. Watch out.

You come in. Come in.

IDIOM Head’s up! Be careful. Watch out. Something is falling.

Take a shower.

Look up.

Sit down.

Turn around.

Watch your head!

Wash your hands.

Wear your mask.

Be quiet.

Shut up!

Keep your voice down.

IDIOM Speak up.

Help me.

Go away.

IDIOM Go ahead.

Please come in. Come in, please.

IDIOM- a very natural authentic expression that is hard to translate

Return your toys to their place. Put your toys away.

 

Take a seat, please.

Please take a seat.

Please don’t be late.

Be on time, please.

Please do the homework.

IDIOM Help yourself. Take what you want. – food, anything

Feel free.

Please, pay attention.

Be patient.

Put your phone away.

 

-Interrogative- question

What time is it?

What day is it today?

How are you?

Can I borrow your car?

How much does that cost?

Where is Room 202?

Where were you born?

Where are you from?

What is your address?

Are you serious?

How are you?

What are you doing?

How old are you?

Who is she?

What do you wanna want to do? wanna XXX

 

Exclamation points ! – high emotion, high energy, excitement

Watch out!

I found your phone!

exclamatory !

 

How is it going?

How is your ABC going?

How is your new job going? How is your yoga class going?

 

SIMPLE SENTENCES- SV   SSV   SVV   SSVV   Imperative   Interrogative

 

NEXT WEEK-

* COMPOUND SENTENCE – two independent clauses together, two simple sentences put together

 

Mei likes ice cream. Joe likes cake. 2 simple sentences

 

Join them together: FANBOYS 

7 words (GRAMMAR TERM- coordinating conjunctions) that we use for compound sentences:

, for , and , nor , but , or , yet , so

FANBOYS – easy to remember

 

MY OPINION: FANBOYS is not very useful.

 

Some of the FANBOYS word are not used very much for compound sentences.

We seldom use  for   nor   yet   Very unusual to use these words

 

 

 

 

 

GRAMMAR BOOK TYPES OF EXAMPLES- not authentic, real English

We are going for a hike tomorrow, for it will be a nice day. UNUSUAL

We are going for a hike tomorrow because it will be a nice day.  COMMON, AUTHENTIC ENGLISH, REAL, NATURAL-SOUNDING

*‘for’ not often used in compound sentences

*‘for’ in simple sentences are commonly used-  I have a gift for you.

 

It is sunny, yet it is chilly today. UNUSUAL

It is sunny, but  it is chilly today. MORE COMMON, MORE AUTHENTIC

 

Doris speaks neither German nor French. UNUSUAL

Doris doesn’t speak German or French. MORE COMMON, MORE AUTHENTIC

 

FANBOYS for and nor but or yet so

 

The most useful words for compound sentences are these:

, so   , or   , but   , and  (98% of the time)

, SOBA   , so   , or   , but   , and

SOBA – more useful than FANBOYS, more authentic

 

soba- Japanese buckwheat noodles

HW- Buy some buckwheat noodles. Boil them. Put some veg and meat on them. Eat.

 

How to make a compound sentence

Mei likes ice cream. Joe likes cake. 2 SIMPLES

Mei likes ice cream, but Joe likes cake. COMPOUND shows difference

Mei likes ice cream, and Joe likes cake. COMPOUND shows extra information

Canada offers many human rights, but my home country does not.

I go to school, and my husband goes to work.

 

*so-reason

I am very hungry, so I need to eat something.

*or-

 We can write notes, or we can read the class blog. COMPOUND

 

We can write notes or read the class blog. SIMPLE SVV

 

IMPORTANT- difference between simple and compound

We like hiking, but we don’t like swimming. COMPOUND

We like hiking but don’t like swimming. SIMPLE

 

She likes dancing and singing. SIMPLE SV

She likes dancing, and she loves singing. 1 COMPOUND SENTENCE

 

or- choice

You can go to the party, or you can stay home.

 

Do you want the black or the white bag? SIMPLE

Do you want the black bag, or do you want the white bag? COMPOUND

 

Which bag do you want: white or black? SIMPLE

 

Are there fresh tomatoes, or are there canned tomatoes? COMPOUND

She likes canned peaches, but she doesn’t like fresh peaches. COMPOUND

 

Other ways to make compound sentences: EF56 (maybe in this class, too)

; semicolon

; TRANSITIONAL TERMS

however   therefore   also   otherwise

We’ll do a few of them.

e.g. Canada offers many human rights; however, my country does not.

It’s raining today; therefore, the picnic has been postponed.

VOCAB postpone(v) – rescheduled

 

REVIEW

*SIMPLE SENTENCE   SV   SSV   SVV   SSVV   Imperative   Interrogative

*COMPOUND SENTENCES   SV, SOBA SV.

 

* COMPLEX SENTENCE

1.adverb clauses – because  when  if  since (I will teach you 10-15.)

Shirin is drinking coffee because she is tired.

Because Shirin is tired, she is drinking coffee.

*Some teachers will tell you to not start a sentence with ‘because’. You can smile and say ‘Thank you.’ It is ok to begin a sentence with ‘because’.

Your choice.

 

SAME MEANING IF YOU FLIP THE CLAUSES

Joan isn’t going to play volleyball tonight because it is going to rain.

Because it is going to rain, Joan isn’t going to play volleyball tonight.

 

2.noun clauses –

brain- think, feel, know, believe, remember, forget, learn

tongue- say, yell, whisper, remind

that why how

e.g.

Junko said that she would be late today.

You said that this is our classroom.

Mel thinks that she can make some food for the party.

We don’t know why our boss is in a bad mood today.

Shirin forgot that she had a doctor’s appointment today. It slipped her mind.

IDIOM slip your mind  – you forget

Sorry, I forgot to pick up my son at school. It slipped my mind. I was 30 minutes late.

 

IDIOM empty your mind, let your mind go blank- meditate

 

IDIOM get into the zone, get your head into the game- clear your mind of all of your thoughts, focus on the task you want to achieve

 

DIFFERENT STYLE OF NOUN CLAUSE

Nasrin is learning how to drive.  

We just learned how to make noun clauses.

 

I think that driving in Vancouver is different than in my home city.

Do we think that we should take our 10-minute break now?

 

 

3. adjective clauses – who that which

Jen’s neighbours who are very noisy often have arguments late at night.

Mariam has a puppy that has white paws and black ears.

Mariam’s puppy has white paws and black ears. simple

 

I have a pen that has red ink.

Dor has a pen which her grandmother gave her.

He is a runner who has prosthetic legs.

prosthetic- artificial leg or arm or body part

Terry Fox- famous Canadian, ran partially across Canada on one leg

statues at BC Place

 

who- people

that- things and animals

which- special things, unique things

 

whom - very formal, not often used

whose- possession

 

 

FOCUS OF THE SENTENCE WORK OF THIS COURSE:

I want to teach you how to write sentences in these three styles. We will learn them together.

It is really important to learn these sentence styles.

These styles are the foundation of all writing in English.

These are the sentences styles what you will need for school, university, college, work, business, life in Canada.

If When you learn them, your writing will be really good.

MY ADVICE: Learn the sentence styles now. Don’t wait until English 10, 11 ,12 to learn how to write sentences. The time is now!

You can do it!

It’s hard, but you can do it.

Review, review, review!

Practice, practice, practice!

 

 

So far these are the sentence types that we have been learning:

 

*SIMPLE SENTENCES

SV   SSV   SVV  SSVV Imperative   Interrogative

It is raining today.

 

*COMPOUND

, FANBOYS – not the most useful way to look at it

Simplified to , SOBA   , so   , or   , but   , and    – more useful in my opinion, 90% of the time

SV, SOBA SV.

Marin is tired, so she wants to have a nap.

SV, so SV.

SV, or SV.

SV, but SV.

SV, and SV.

 

SV; SV

SV; TRANS, SV.

It is sunny today; however, it is chilly.

 

*COMPLEX- independent clause + dependent clause

-adverb clause- this week

-noun clause- this week and next week

-adjective clause – begin late next week

 

 

** Adverb clauses***

adverb modifies a verb, usually a ‘ly’ word

She sings beautifully. beautifully talking about the verb ‘sings’

She has a beautiful voice. adjective

wf word form- beautiful / beautifully

 

 

-adverb – describes a verb, describes an action

beautifully She sings beautifully.

-adjective, describes a noun- person, place, thing or idea

beautiful Her smile is beautiful.

The little kid is sad because she lost her stuffed bear. sad-kid  adjective

The little kid is walking sadly because she lost her stuffed bear. sad-walk adverb

She is a safe driver. She drives safely.

 

Some adverbs do not end in ‘ly’

The math is hard. adj

He is working hard. adv  He is putting in a lot of effort.

hardly adv almost not at all, not much

He is hardly working. adv He is not working hard.

working hard / hardly working – opposite

SOURCE OF CONFUSION hard/hardly

He works hard. He is very active and a harworker.

He hardly works. He is lazy and does very little.

JOKE Working hard? Hardly working.

It is hardly raining.

My phone is hardly working.

My windshield wipers hardly do anything.

 

She is a hardworking person. adj

He is a lazy person. adj

She is a hardwork workhard hardworking person. wf

 

She smiles beautifully. adv

He smiled nervously. adv

Her smile is beautiful. adj

His smile was nervous. adj

nervously

quickly

slowly

He walks slowly.

carefully- You drive your car carefully.

He does his work seriously.

She did the math homework correctly.

easily

 

good - irregular goodly well  She speaks English very well.

good (adj) The cookies look good.

well (adv) He bakes really well. He is a good baker.

Her English is good. adj

She speaks English well. adverb

She is a good speaker. adjective good  describes ‘speaker’, noun, not the verb

She is a very good English speaker.

She speaks English very well.

‘very’ can modify any adj or adv

 

The grandmother patiently teaches her grandson how to tie his shoes.

angrily? quickly? patiently? carefully?

 

I am learning English slowly but surely.

IDIOM slowly but surely – step by step

IDIOM Better late than never.

 

ADVERB CLAUSES

**expand the idea of adverbs into adverb clauses – S+V

- adverb clause- subject + verb SV

 

THREE MOST COMMON WORDS FOR ADVERB CLAUSES:

because   if   when

 

Most of the time, we use these three words. – high-frequency words, used often , all day long, every day

 

OTHER WORDS THAT MIGHT NOT BE AS FAMILIAR

since

unless

even though/although/though

until

after/before

while

as…as

than

 

EF6 - teach about 25

*TRUTH- SECRET: You only need about 8-10

 

RIGHT NOW, LET’S FOCUS ON:      because   if   when

Let’s focus on these three to begin with: because   if   when

 

**because- give a reason why

I was three minutes late today because there was a lot of traffic. adv cl

She is tired today because she had insomnia last night. adv cl

insomnia = couldn’t sleep

IDIOM tossing and turning  I was tossing and turning last night until my daughter came home.

 

She is tired today because she couldn’t sleep last night. adv cl

He eats ice cream because it is delicious.

 

She is tired today because she had insomnia last night. adv cl SV

 

I had insomnia because I was worried about my sister.

IDIOM tossing and turning   I was tossing and turning all night.

 

She is tired today because she had insomnia last night. adverb clause

She is tired today because she couldn’t sleep last night. adverb clause

I had insomnia because I was thinking about my sister. adverb clause

 

An adverb is one word, for example ‘quickly’.

An adverb clause is an adverbial conjunction plus a subject and a verb.

adverbial conjunction- because   when   if   while   as   since   although

I had insomnia because I was thinking about my sister. adverb clause

*In an adverb clause, the whole thing is an adverb.

 

I am happy because my son is visiting us. adverb clause

She is upset because her teacher gave them too much homework.

 

She is upset because of the bad news. SIMPLE

She is upset because SV bad news. COMPLEX SENT- ADVERB

She is upset because she got some bad news. COMPLEX SENT- ADVERB CLAUSE

 

Examples for practice:

I am happy/upset/tired/worried because...

I am happy/upset/tired/worried because SV.

She is worried because her daughter has a fever.

Food prices are going up because there was a bad crop.

The little boy is crying because he lost his toy.

 

The little boy is crying because he lost his toy. vt

present progressive verb tense is crying

simple past lost

The little boy is crying right now because he lost his toy yesterday.

I am upset because my best friend misunderstood me.

 

The little boy is crying because of NOUN.

because of NOUN

The little boy is crying because of his lost toy. adj noun SIMPLE

The little boy is crying because he has a headache. adv cl COMPLEX

The little boy is crying because of losing his toy. noun-gerund

I am happy because my friend may come tomorrow.

 

 

**if- maybe yes, maybe no, undecided

Sarah will go for a walk if the rain stops.

Sarah will go for a walk if it stops raining.

 

Junko will wear a skirt if it is not raining.

She will wear pants and rainboots if it is raining.

SLANG puddle jumpers - rainboots, rubber boots

 

Maris stayed home if her daughter was sick. SIMPLE PAST

Maris will stay home if her daughter will be is sick.

 

**An adverb clause can be present or past, but not future.

When the independent clause is future, the adverb clause stays present.

e.g. We will go to the party if we’re free.  we are

We will go to the party if we will be are free.

We went to the block parties if we were free.

We’ll go to the party if we’re free,.

Her son will go play soccer if it will be is not too windy.

I can get a better job with better pay if I improve my English.

I would like to go to the beach if I have freetime.

 

** when- time

Call me when you get home.

She will go shopping when she will be is free.

The little kid has a nap when he is tired.

He can go to sleep when he gets home.

I learned to swim when I was a child.

I am tired when I finish work.

She cooked when I arrived home. She made dinner when I got home.

 

COMPLEX SENTENCES- 2 clauses in one sentence

MAIN CLAUSE      ADVERB CLAUSE-SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

She made dinner when I got home.

CLAUSE- a group of words that has  a subject and a verb.

COMPOUND SENT- 2 main clauses, 2 simple sent

He is tall, but she is short.

 

She is was cooking when I got home. vt

He saw a car accident when he drove/was driving home.

I like to travel to different countries when I have enough freetime and money.

I hurt my leg when I was running in the park.

 

GRAMMAR TERMS:

MAIN CLAUSE OR INDENDEPENT CLAUSE

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE OR DEPENDENT CLAUSE

 

Three  most commonly used words: because   if   when

 

 

NEXT LEVEL- Comma usage with adverb clauses   ,

I hurt my leg when I was running in the park.

When I was running in the park, I hurt my leg.

 

A She is tired today because she couldn’t sleep last night. no comma

B Because she couldn’t sleep last night, she is tired today. comma

 

I am happy because my son is visiting us. no comma

Because my son is visiting us, I am happy. comma

 

She is upset because her teacher gave them too much homework.  no comma

Because her teacher gave them too much homework, she is upset. comma

 

Doris brought her umbrella because it is raining. no comma

Because it is raining, Doris brought her umbrella. comma

 

Two different ways of writing the same thing- same meaning, different styles

 

He has a coffee when he eats lunch.

When he eats lunch, he has a coffee.

Go to bed if you are tired.

If you are tired, go to bed.

*Callback to simple sentences: Go to bed. IMPERATIVE

 

Commas with adverbs clauses- You will see different styles from different writers. I am teaching you some simple firm rules to follow. These are simple firm rules that I have used in university, work, and life. You can choose to follow them or not.

IDIOM It is up to you. It is your decision.

 

As you become stronger writers, you can choose your own comma usage.

Like driving lessons – 10&2 on the steering wheel

 

‘because’

Some teachers say ‘Never start a sentence with ‘because’. This is not really true. You can if you want. Remember the comma.

e.g.    Maris is wearing a sweater because it is chilly today.

Because it is chilly today, Maris is wearing a sweater.

Either one seems ok to me. If you choose not to start a sentence with ‘because’, that is your choice. It’s not right or wrong- it is just your choice.

COMMON ERROR

Because it is chilly today. – not a sentence, sentence fragment

 

Choice is a strength for us when we are writing and speaking.

 

SEVERAL WAYS TO GIVE THE SAME INFORMATION- choice

1.    Maris is wearing a sweater. It is chilly today. 2 SIMPLES

2.    Maris is wearing a sweater because it is chilly today. COMPLEX- ADVERB CLAUSE

3.    Because it is chilly today, Maris is wearing a sweater. COMPLEX- ADV CL

4.    It is chilly today, so Maris is wearing a sweater. COMPOUND

5.    It is chilly today; therefore, Maris is wearing a sweater. COMPOUND EF5/6

**Five different ways to say the same thing.***

If you can learn these, you can do anything in English.

Our goals! We want to be able to write in all of these styles.

SIMPLE

COMPOUND

COMPLEX

 

More examples:

1.    Joe bought new dress shoes because he has a job interview.

Because Joe has a job interview, he bought new dress shoes.

*Use the name first, then the pronoun.

Janet called her sister.

2.    Sam is quite nervous because she has her first presentation today.

Because she Sam has her first presentation today, Sam she is quite nervous.

3.    Sam is really good at typing because he always types at work.

Because he Sam always types at work, Sam he is really good at typing it.

 

Good for EF34567, English 10,11,12, college, university.

If you can master these sentence styles, you will be good to go.

IDIOM good to go- ready, ready for anything

 

Let’s do some practice. Write some complex sentences with adverb clauses using the words ‘because’, ‘if’ and ‘when’.

 

when/while – both refer to time

when- one moment in time

while – two things happening at the same time

 

I hurt my elbow when I fell off my bike.

She was watching a movie while her husband was cooking dinner.

 

CONTINUE TOMORROW

 

 

Modals from yesterday

-one-word modals

can   could   should   will, etc.

 

-two-word modals

 

-three-word modals

 

LATIN WORDS USED IN ENGLISH

etc. – et cetera Latin “ and others”

e.g – for example Latin “examplia gratis”

i.e. – that is LATIN id est

pm- afternoon LATIN post meridian 

am- before noon, morning LATIN ante meridian

 

ENGLISH abbreviations

ASAP- as soon as possible   Call me back ASAP.

 

FRENCH abbreviations

RSVP- Respondez, sil vous plait. Please give me your answer.

 

bazaar(n)(Farsi)- market

bizarre(adj) -strange, weird

That guy on the bus is acting bizarrely.

 

Second break- back at 11am

 

VOCAB medicine / medication

medicine- over-the-counter, no presciption

medication- more serious- heart, depression, anxiety

prescription meds

anxiety- extreme persistent worry that affects your life in a negative way

depression- persistent low mood, sadness that that affects your life in a negative way

 

Therapy and medication can help a lot.

 

 

 

 

Test#2

Pen

Doublespace

Name and class

Devices put away.

Write a paragraph of at least 100 words on the following topic.

         

What is your favourite food? Why? Write about it.