Good morning, everyone.
We will get started at 9:15.
Today’s agenda
·
Return test#4 – paragraph about advice column
-specific reference
-modals/auxialiry modals – verb -
-“ ” direct reported speech
·
sentence combining HW
Wednesday
·
return quiz
·
sentence review exercises- simple, compound, complex
·
sentence combining
·
Business letters
Thursday
·
Easter lecture
Friday
·
Good Friday
·
NO SCHOOL
Monday
·
Easter Monday
·
NO SCHOOL
Tuesday
·
First Nations
·
quoting “ “ citing text, borrowing
words from a story
Final two weeks
-Essays
-Spoken presentation
Test #4
* paragraph format
-Grabber – an opener -7 ways to choose from
-Topic sentence- puts the paragraph on track- be specific
refer to the situation-
e.g. My advice to you is to talk with your family member about
your concerns. TOO VAGUE, NOT SPECIFIC
My advice to you is to talk with your family member father-in-law
about your concerns. how him comparing you to his son’s ex-wife bothers
you very much.
-Supporting sentences- step to step
e.g First, . Then
.
-Concluding sentence
-specific reference in the TS
-modals/auxialiry modals – verb -
-“ ” direct reported speech
Optional RW for a BONUS PT
Example sentences:
Tell him: work is an important responsibility. RW
Tell him that work is an important responsibility. noun
clause
Tell him, “Work is an important responsibility.” quoted direct speech
advice (noncount noun)- no ‘s’
I want to give you some advices.
I want to give him some pieces of advice.
pieces of pizza
Her sister had two pieces of good advice for her.
I want to talk about her problem how should she discuss her
non-registration problem with her father. RW
I want to talk about how she should discuss her non-registration
problem with college with her father. noun clause
college problem
I want to talk about how she should discuss her dropping out of
college with her father. much more specific
modal - could
You could talk with your brother.
could + infinitive –‘to’ to
talk
could talk
You could talk.
He could talk.
She could talk.
They could talk.
Modals are auxiliary verbs that are used with
other verbs to express ability, obligation/necessity, possibility, invitation,
permission, or requests. Below is a list of the most useful modals and their
most common meanings:
auxiliary – extra AUX
Modal Meaning Example
can to
express ability I can
speak English very well.
can to
request permission Can I go to
Foundations 4?
could to
express possibility I could
help you tomorrow.
may to
express possibility I may be
late for class.
may to request permission May I take the test again,
please?
might to
express possibility She might
call you later.
must to
express obligation I must leave
at 4 o’clock.
must to
express strong belief You must be
kidding!
should to
give advice You
should go to the doctor.
will to
show future I will not
take my car today.
would to
request or offer Would you
prefer a tea or
coffee?
would in
if-sentences If I
were you, I would complain.
shall – used
very rarely, too formal “Let take our ten-minute break,
shall we?”
If you want to use, you can use for a very
formal-sounding invitation.
“Shall we leave?”
Japanese movie, remade in English “Shall We
Dance?”
“Shall we ダンス?”
very polite invitation – shall, rare
“Shall we go?”
HIGHER LEVEL MODALS
There are also two and three-word modals,
Two-word modals:
had better – should “You should / had better talk with your mom.”
have to – must
ought to – should “You ought to finish school so you can get
a better-paying job.”
Idiom – “Please don’t
‘should’ me.”
used to – habit in
the past
Three-word modals:
be able to - can
be going to –
similar to ‘will’
be supposed to –
strong ‘should’, expectation “Family is
supposed to be supportive, but sometimes they are not.”
have got to – very
strong must “You have got to address
this problem with your father-in-law.”
*** IMPORTANT
Most anything you want to say can be expressed
with a one-word modal.
Examples:
have to- I have to pick up my daughter tonight at
work.
You have to go to bed.
must- very
strong
The
grammar is like this:
modal +
infinitive without ‘to’
e.g. can + to eat
can eat
The teenager can eat three slices of
pizza.
will + to finish
The builders will finish the project by
early December.
have to + to call
Maria has to call her sister about the
party.
Jun has to lose weight.
be supposed to + to go
John is supposed to go to the party,
but he might be too
busy.
modal +
another verb
can +
infinitive –‘to’
can + to
run
can run
THE VERB DOESN’T CHANGE
I can run.
You can run. The dog can run. Your grandmother can run.
modal verb
do not change with the subject
I run. You
run. She runs.
Two-word
modals
had better – strong ‘should’
You should
to stop smoking. You had better stop smoking.-stronger
You had
better call your doctor and reup/refill your medication.
You had
better get your schoolwork in order.
have to –
must
You have
to get to work on time.
You must
get to work on time.
The Grade
10 students have to study more than they did in Grade 9.
We have
to pay the bills.
ought to –
should
I ought
to call my sister. I haven’t spoken with her in several years.
You should
call your mother.
I should
have to graduate from SHEC before I can go to college.
I must
graduate from SHEC before I can go to college.
used to-
did in the past, not now, no one-word equivalent
Sarah used
to do yoga, but now she is too busy with family and work.
Bhin used
to live in Thailand, but she has been in Canada for many years.
Mei used
to travel a lot, but not so much in the last few years due to Covid.
Joe used
to be married.
He used
to drink a lot. That’s why his wife got rid of him.
She gave
him the boot.
LOOK
SIMILAR, DIFFERENT MEANINGS
MODAL used
to- did in the past, no longer do
CONFUSING
NOT A
MODAL get/be used to- feel comfortable, be familiar with
Shirin
didn’t like Vancouver at first, but then she got used to it.
Jes gets
up early every morning. He doesn’t mind. He is used to getting up early.
Dave is not
used to trying different kinds of food. He is picky/fussy/choosy.
Three-word modals
be able to- can
She is not able to come to the meeting
tomorrow.
I am not able to come to class Friday.
I can’t come to class Friday.
She can’t come to the meeting tomorrow.
Sarah can speak English, Farsi, and
French.
Sarah is able to speak English, Farsi,
and French.
Can you pick up some almond milk before
you come home?
POLITE Are you able to pick up
some almond milk before you come home?
She is not able / unable to make it to
school today.
She can’t come to school today.
Jose has been unable to walk since his
accident.
I am unable to take your call. Please leave me
a message.
The difference between ‘be going to’ and ‘will’.
When did the make the decision?
right now – will
in the past – am going to
be
supposed to – should/must, obligation, your responsibility
I was
supposed to get some dog food, but I forgot.
I am
supposed to put my stuff in storage today.
I am
supposed to work today.
have got
to- very strong ‘must’
You have
got to take your medication on time.
I have
to pick up my son after school.
I have
got to eat breakfast, or I will feel faint.
You have
got to check your stove before you leave your place.
Mom, you
have got to remember to turn off the stove.
Exercises:
Choose appropriate modals for each:
1.
I didn’t feel very well yesterday. I _____ eat anything.
2.
You _____ look at me when I am talking to you.
3.
I was using my pencil a minute ago. It _____ here somewhere!
4.
My boss told me that I really _____ be late
again to work.
5.
If you don’t start working harder, you _____
repeat the course next year.
6.
Phone her now.
She _____ be home by now.
7.
You _____ forget your sunscreen. It’s going to be very hot!
8.
I _____ be able to help you, but I’m not sure
yet.
9.
Mozart _____ play the piano beautifully as a
child.
10.
I really _____ try to get fit.
11.
_____ I take a photograph of you?
12.
Students _____ borrow up to 15 books at any
time.
13.
Whose bag is this? I don’t know, but it _____ belong to Yuta.
14.
_____ I go to the bathroom, please?
15.
His excuse _____ be true, but I don’t believe
it.
16.
_____ you speak French? Only a few words, but my Russian is pretty
good.
17.
_____ you help me move this table?
18.
I _____ help you, but I don’t want to.
19.
_____ you open the window, please.
20.
I _____ move the table. It was too heavy.
21.
You _____ eat so much chocolate. It’s not good for you.
22.
I’m afraid I _____ play tennis tomorrow. I’ve got a dentist appointment.
23.
You can come to the meeting if you want but
you _____.
24.
I’m so hungry I _____ eat a horse!
25.
The test starts at 10.30. You _____ be late.
26.
How did you do in the test? Ok. It _____
worse!
27.
You _____ tired. You’ve only just got out of
bed!
28.
_____ be very pleased with herself. She got
the best grades.
Quiz #4
Write a sentence with an adjective clause for each.
1.
road that
2.
slim which
3.
upgrade who
4.
roam who
5.
struggle who
6.
section that
1.
The beach was
hot.
The beach
was crowded.
The beach
was exciting.
There were
children.
There were
adults.
There were
clowns.
There were
lifeguards.
2.
Mr. Isaac sold
ice cream.
It was
packed in ice.
He was
considered part of the beach.
The truck
was small.
The truck
was in the parking lot.
3.
The teenagers lay
in the sun.
They played
volleyball.
The children
swam.
The children
waded.
The children
ran in the sand.
4.
A group of clowns
juggled.
They played
with children.
The children
were laughing.
The clowns
gave out balloons.
The balloons
were filled with helium.
5.
The sand was
white.
The white
was glaring.
The sand
emitted waves of heat.
The waves of
heat blurred the water.
The water
was beyond the beach.
The water
was blue.
The blue was
vibrant.
These are
some of your examples from homework:
1.
There
were children, adults, clowns and lifeguards at the beach that was hot, crowded
and exciting.
2.
Mr.
Isaac, who was considered part of the beach, sold ice cream that was packed in
ice from a small truck in the parking lot.
3.
The
teenagers lay in the sun after they played volleyball, and the children ran in
the sand after they swam and waded.
OPTION The teenagers lay in the sun after playing volleyball, and
the children ran in the sand after wading and swimming.
4.
A group
of clowns who juggled and gave out balloons that were filled with helium played
with children who were laughing.
CONDENSE A group of clowns who juggled and gave out helium balloons played
with children who were laughing.
5.
The
glaring white sand emitted vibrant blue waves of heat that blurred the water
beyond the beach. like poetry
6.
There
were children, adults, clowns and lifeguards at the hot, crowded and exciting
beach.
7.
The group of clowns were playing, juggling and
making children laugh. They also gave out balloons filled with helium.
8.
Mr. Isaac’s small ice cream truck, is parked in
a parking lot selling ice cream, he considers himself a part of the beach. RW
9.
There
were children, adults, and clowns on the beach which was hot, crowded, and
exciting.
10.
The
white sand was glaring that emitted waves of heat blurred the water. Also, The vibrant
blue water was beyond the beach. RW
11.
The hot
exciting beach was crowded with children, adults, clowns, and lifeguards.
12.
The
teenagers lay in the sun as the children played volleyball, swam, waded, and
ran in the sand.
13.
There
were children, adults, clowns and lifeguards at the beach that was hot, crowded
and exciting.
14.
Mr.
Isaac, who was considered part of the beach, sold ice cream packed in ice in
the parking lot from a small truck.
15.
The
teenagers lay in the sun, played volleyball, swam, waded and ran in the sand.
16.
A group
of clowns juggled, gave out balloons filled with helium, and played with
children who were laughing.
Sentence Combining Sheet 1
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