English Foundations 5/6
Good morning, everyone.
We will get started at 8:30
Al Haley ahaley@vsb.bc.ca
Class blog: haleyshec.blogspot.com
Today’s agenda
·
Begin complex sentences- adverb clauses
·
Begin – how to use quotation marks “”
Friday
SUBSTITUTE TEACHER
I will be absent on Friday. I have a provincial meeting
about Adult Education, Friday and Saturday.
I will be
back on Monday.
Adverb clauses
REVIEW OF SENTENCE STYLES
You can practice these every day.
You will be amazed at how good you will get at sentence writing.
*SIMPLE – 1 main/independent
clause
SV SSV
SVV SSVV Imperative
Interrogative
*COMPOUND , SOBA
; ; TRANS,
2 main clauses/independent clauses
joined together
1. ,
FANBOYS , SOBA
2. ;
semicolon
3. ;
TRANS,
*COMPLEX - 1 main clause and 1
subordinate clause
- adverb clauses THIS WEEK
- noun clauses NEXT WEEK
- adjective clauses NEXT WEEK
COMPLEX SENTENCES= simple sentence + subordinate clause
(dependent clause)
main
clause + subordinate clause
independent- by yourself, support
by yourself, doesn’t need help
dependent – needs help, can’t
stand by yourself, need support
COMPLEX SENTENCE- ADVERB CLAUSES
- because when if (most commonly
used)
Two ways to make a sentence with
an adverb clause
because – reason
Joan is happy today. Her son is visiting her. Two main clauses. Two
simple sentences.
Turn one of the main clauses into
a subordinate clause.
1.
main clause
+ adverb clause
Jun is happy today because
her son is visiting her.
Jun is happy because
her son is visiting her today.
NOTE: no comma before because,
small detail
2.
adverb clause, +
main clause
Because Jun’s son is visiting her, she
is happy today.
Because Jun’s son is visiting her
today, she is happy.
NOTE: Use a comma
Either way is good. It is your
choice.
COMMON ERROR:
Jun is happy, because her son is visiting her today.
SMALL ERROR. No big deal.
** OLD-FASHIONED RULE- Don’t start your sentences with ‘because’.
It’s fine. I do. We can ignore
this rule.
Because it’s snowy, some people are a little late. OK, my opinion
Some people are a little late because it’s snowy. Alternative
Either way is fine. It’s your
choice.
Some people are a little late, because it’s snowy. XXX
Don’t put a comma before
‘because’. You will see people do it, but it isn’t the best choice.
This is a stylistic choice concerning
your writing style.
stylistic(adj) style(n)
DISCLAIMER: My writing and
speaking style tends to be more formal than many. I aim to keep my writing and speaking
style formal especially for work, school, and business. Take a professional
tone in a professional situation.
MY FREE ADVICE- Be consistent.
MAIN THING ABOUT COMMAS:
The baby is crying because
she is tired. NO COMMA
Because the baby is tired,
she is crying. COMMA
MAIN CLAUSE (SIMPLE SENTENCE) +
ADVERB CLAUSE
MAIN CL + ADVERB CL = COMPLEX SENTENCE
Do it like that. Everything will
be ok.
when - time
1.
main clause
+ adverb clause
My dog gets up when I get up. no comma
2. adverb
clause, + main clause
When I get up, my
dog gets up. comma
Call your sister when you get
home.
When you get home, call your
sister.
SAME MEANING- your choice
When Harim got up this morning,
she was surprised to see snow on the ground.
Harim was surprised to see snow on
the ground when she got up this morning.
when – same time, pretty much the
same time
after, before – not the same time
Harim was surprised to see snow on the ground after/when
she got up this morning.
when – one time, once
whenever- everytime, happens many
times
Whenever the dog has to pee, he rings a bell on the door.
My neighbour’s dog escapes
whenever they let it out in the backyard.
Whenever it rains, I use an
umbrella.
I use an umbrella whenever it
rains.
Mary gets nervous when she has a
test.
Mary gets nervous whenever she has
a test. SOUNDS BETTER
Whenever Jay watches scary movies,
he has nightmares.
night
mare- horse
Old superstition- People used to
believe that hearing a horse running at night was bad luck.
if- maybe yes, maybe no, don’t
know, not decided
1.
main clause
+ adverb clause
Maria should start saving her
money if she wants to buy that
expensive dress. no comma
2.
adverb clause, +
main clause
If Maria wants to buy that
expensive dress, she should start saving her money.
comma
Call me if
you want to go for a hike.
If there is heavy snow,
listen to the radio regarding school cancellations.
Listen to the radio. imperative
(simple sentence)
Close the door when
you leave, please.
Practice everyday if you want to
get better at jujitsu.
Martial Arts – judo, karate,
aikido, jiujitsu, taekwondo
***
**
Model for adverb clauses:
Main clause adverb
clause.
Adverb clause, main clause.
**
***
**** YOUR CHOICE. You should be
able to do it both ways. GOAL! ****
‘if’ – past, present, future
My sister would play with her
dolls if she was bored. past
Let’s grab some coffee if you are
free now. present
I will call you if I need a lift
to the airport. future
EXAMPLES:
You should call your sister if you
want a ride from the airport.
If you want a ride from the
airport, you should call your sister.
You should call your sister, if
you want a ride from the airport. XXX punc
-small error, does not impede
understanding, still not right
IMPERATIVE: Call your sister.
Call your sister if you want to
get a ride.
If you want to get a ride, call
your sister.
REVIEW -
COMPOUND
2 independent clauses put together
COMPLEX
1 independent clause and 1
dependent clause put together
COMPOUND
We are going camping this weekend,
so we have to pack our gear.
COMPLEX
We have to pack our gear because
we are going camping this weekend.
Because we are going camping this
weekend, we have to pack our gear.
*Same information- different
sentence styles- compound and complex
We are going camping this weekend,
so we have to pack our gear.
We have to pack our gear because
we are going camping this weekend.
If you really want to use a comma in the
middle of the sentence, put the adverb clause first, or use a compound
sentence.
e.g. Jan is late because it is snowing.
Because it is snowing, Jan is late. COMPLEX-
adverb clause
It is snowing, so Jan is late. COMPOUND ,
SOBA
GOOD WORDS FOR ADVERB CLAUSES
* Adverbial conjunctions (adverb clause
words)
Learning these will expand your ability to
express your thoughts more clearly and precisely in English.
** When you learn these 24, you will be a rock
star in your English class! You will be the Bootsy Collins of English.
time- after, before, ever since,
since, until, when, whenever,
while
place- wherever
condition - if, even if, provided that, unless
manner- as, as if, though, although, even though, so ... that
cause- because,
since
purpose- in order that, in order to, so that,
*after- time
The kids did their homework after
supper. prepositional phrase SIMPLE
The kids did their homework after SV
supper. COMPLEX- ADVERB CL
The kids did their homework after they
finished/had/ate supper. no comma
After the kids finished supper, they
did their homework. comma
This is an important difference!
The kids did their homework after
supper. SIMPLE
The kids did their homework after they
finished supper. COMPLEX
After they finished supper, the
kids did their homework. COMPLEX
The kids finished supper, and they did their
homework. COMPOUND
Choice!!
* before- Call me before you leave. complex- adverb clause
Call
me before 8pm. simple
-since – two meanings: time, reason
since-time
May has lived in Canada since 1998.
SIMPLE
May has lived in Canada since SV 1998.
May has lived in Canada since she moved/arrived/came/immigrated here from
Vietnam in 1998. COMPLEX
* NOTE: simple past instead past perfect
Past perfect is not commonly used by native
English speakers.
May has lived in Canada since she had
moved here from Vietnam in 1998.
May has lived in Canada since she moved
here from Vietnam in 1998.
-since – reason, same as ‘because’
I am a little frustrated right now because
the internet keeps dropping out.
I am a little frustrated right now since
the internet keeps dropping out.
Because the internet keeps dropping out, I
am a little frustrated right now.
Since the internet keeps dropping out,
I am a little frustrated right now.
SWAP because = since
because/since – Your choice. Mix it up!
due to + noun
I am a little frustrated right now due to the
internet dropping out. SIMPLE
‘dropping’- noun, gerund
-until – time (waiting)
I will wait until you finish.
Until you finish, I will wait. Don’t
sound natural. Sounds like poetry. Good for a poem or a song, or a love letter.
Use your ear. Does it sound good?
Jen has been waiting for you until now.
SIMPLE
Jan was waiting for you until 10 pm. SIMPLE
Jed was waiting for you until she fell asleep. COMPLEX
Jen was waiting for you until your sister
called. COMPLEX
I will keep learning English until I am
fluent. COMPLEX
Sara will keep learning English until she
is fluent. COMPLEX
NOTE: until
– good for writing
til –
very casual, good for talking not for writing
Same as ‘because’ - for writing ‘cause’- very casual talking, not for
school writing
cause, cuz- casual, for spoken, not for
writing
til- casual, for spoken, not for writing
gonna XXX going to
wanna XXX want to
-when/while
when – one time
while – two actions happening at the same
time
You were working while I was sleeping.
While you are in school, your kids are in
daycare.
Students were using their cell phones while
the teacher was teaching.
STRANGE Maria was washing the dishes while
the phone rang.
Maria was washing the dishes when the phone rang.
phone rang *
washing
_______________________________
Maria was washing the dishes while the phone
was ringing. UNLIKELY
while – Maria was washing the dishes while
her husband was sweeping the floor.
sweeping
*******************************************
washing
___________________________________________
I can’t talk to you while I am driving. I
will call you back when I park my car.
Sarah was washing the dishes when the phone
rang. one moment in
time
Sarah was washing the dishes while Joe was
watching TV.
My daughter was reading while I was playing
guitar.
simple present
I get up early while you get up late.
TRUE FACT: It is difficult to differentiate
between these right now. That will come with practice.
‘while’ fits well with continuous/progressive
tenses ‘ing’
My dog stares at me while I am sleeping.
My dog likes to hold hands while he is
lying down.
He sings while he is driving. COMPLEX
He sings while driving. SIMPLE
She hums a song while she is working.
while + ‘ing’ GOOD MATCH
The music is beautiful while sad. sounds like
grammar book
The music is beautiful but sad. sounds more
authentic SIMPLE
The music is beautiful, but it is sad.
COMPOUND
* since/ever since- time
since – time
ever since – feel like a long time
Marie has been waiting for the bus since 9:50.
(less than ten minutes) SIMPLE
Marie has been waiting for the bus ever since
9:00. (more than 35 minutes) SIMPLE
ever since – feels like a long time
Mui has been living in Vancouver since she
came to Canada. COMPLEX
Mui has been living in Vancouver ever since
she came to Canada in 1975. COMPLEX -adverb clause
We have been friends since we were nine years
old.
We have been BFFs ever since we were nine
years old.
BFF – Best Friends Forever (slang-teenager
talk)
Maria has lived in Canada ever since 1990.
simple
Maria has lived in Canada ever since she
moved from Indonesia in 1990. complex- adverb clause
Maria has lived in Canada since 2018.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Maria has lived in Canada ever since
1978. long time SIMPLE SENTENCE
Maria has lived in Canada since she moved
from Japan in 2018. COMPLEX SENTENCE adverb clause
Maria has lived in Canada ever since she
moved from Japan in 1978. long time
We have been in class since 8:30. doesn’t
feel like a long time
We have been waiting for the bus ever since
8:30. feels like a long time
Time is dragging. It feels like time is standing
still.
MODELS using ‘since’ in simple sentences:
I came to Canada since 2019. XXX
I came to Canada in 2019. SIMPLE
I have lived in Canada since 2019. SIMPLE
I have been in Canada for two years. SIMPLE
I lived in Canada since 2019. Not the best
verb choice.
I have lived in Canada since 2019.
I have lived in Canada since April, 2019.
I have lived in Canada since April 24th,
2019.
-whenever -every time
Whenever her dog is left alone, he
tips over the garbage and makes a mess.
Her dog tips over the garbage and makes a
mess whenever he is left alone.
Emiko feels homesick whenever she looks at
her photo album of family pictures.
Whenever Emiko looks at her photo album of
family pictures, she feels homesick.
Whenever he drinks water, he spills it all
over himself like a kid.
Sarah goes snowboarding whenever she can. Every
chance she gets, she goes.
He sings while he drives. simple present- usual
action, habitual action
He is singing while he is driving. present
progressive- happening right now
*if
Sarah will go to the
party if she is free.
We will go to the
park if it is sunny.
If it is sunny,
we will go to the park.
*even if
Sarah will not go to
the party even if she is free.
We will go to the
park even if it is not sunny.
I will buy a new
phone if I can afford it. Will I buy a new phone? YES/NO
I will not buy a new
phone even if I can afford it. Will I buy a new phone? NO
Mei will marry Joe
even if her mother is not happy about it.
* even though – the
situation is true, not conditional
* even if – maybe
YES, maybe NO, conditional
Sheila will not go
to the party even though she was invited.
Will she go? NO Was
she invited? YES
Sheila will not go
to the party even if she is invited.
Will she go? NO
Was she invited?
Uncertain.
I go kayaking even
if it is raining.
Will I go kayaking?
YES Is it raining? MAYBE
I go kayaking even though
it is raining.
Will I go kayaking?
YES Is it raining? YES
TRICKY NEW WORDS – if
even if even though
Even though she is
sick today, she still went to work.
Did she go to work?
YES Is she sick? YES
Even if she is sick,
she still goes to work.
Even if she is sick
today, she will still go to work.
Will she go to work?
YES Is she sick? MAYBE
even though = although
= though (casual, good for talking, not great for writing)
*provided that –
‘if’ for important things
Let’s grab some
coffee if you’re free. – not important
grab some coffee-
(casual) have some coffee
You can change your
career provided that you have made a good plan.
- sounds important
You can go to UBC if/provided
that you have the prereqs. (prerequisite courses)
provided that –
makes it sound important
You can choose when
to use it.
going to the beach?
if
getting married?
provided that
immigrating to a new
country? provided that
getting some ice
cream? if
sandwich or burger?
if
*unless – changes
the situation, opposite of ‘if’ ‘provided that’
Let’s grab some
coffee if you’re free.
Let’s grab some
coffee unless you’re busy.
Sarah will go to the
beach if it is nice on Saturday.
Sarah will go to the
beach unless it is rainy on Saturday.
Let’s take a
raincheck on coffee if you are busy. (idiom)
take a raincheck –
we will do it later, postpone
Let’s go for a hike
this Saturday.
Oh, I can’t. Can I
take a raincheck?
Do you want to go
for a walk today?
I have a doctor’s
appointment. Can I take a raincheck?
Doctor’s assistant:
Can you come next Wednesday at 3?
You: I have to
take a raincheck. I’m busy. I’m already booked. How about Thursday at 2?
* though (a bit more
casual), although, even though – same meaning
Dave is playing with
his kids even though he has a lot of work to do.
I like the weather
even though/ although/ though it is very hot.
TWO DIFFERENT WAYS
I like the weather
although it is very hot.
Although it is very
hot, I like the weather.
* so ... that
so ADJECTIVE that
Jun is so tall
that she has trouble buying pants.
Yesterday was so
hot that Mike sat inside of his refrigerator.
The kitten is so
small that you can hold it in the palm of your hand.
Sarah is so tired
that she is nodding off in the meeting.
IDIOM nodding off-
falling asleep
SAME MEANING-
DIFFERENT STYLE
Because Jun is so
tall, she has trouble buying pants.
The iphone 13 is so
expensive that I can’t afford it. COMPLEX- adverb clause
CONFUSING
‘, so’ and ‘so ... that’ are not the same thing.
, so COMPOUND
so... that COMPLEX
DIFFERENT MEANINGS so
that so...that
so that = in order to
Sarah is saving
money so that she can afford an iphone 15.
DIFFERENT THAN , so
Sarah wants to get
an iphone 15, so she is saving her money. COMPOUND
CONFUSION , so
so that so...that
These terms and
words can change the way you express yourself in English. They can really help
you express your thoughts and ideas clearly and precisely. They are very
powerful tools, and you can learn to use them.
SIDE NOTE: I have a
small editing business on the side. I edit papers for UBC and SFU students,
mostly nursing students who are getting their masters degrees. When I edit a
paper for a university, I use SIMPLE, COMPOUND and COMPLEX sentences.
The stuff we are
learning here will get you through school.
Focus on these most
useful ones:
after/before
since
until
when/while
if
even if
unless
though/although/even
though
so ... that
because
