EF6 Compound sentences

Compound Structure

SV, but SV.

SV, and SV.

SV, so SV.

SV, or SV.

SV; SV.

SV; however, SV.

SV; therefore, SV.

He never played golf before; he scored a 84.

He never played golf before; incredibly, he scored a 84.

He never played golf before; amazingly, he scored a 84.

He failed the first test; he quit the class.

He failed the first test; stupidly, he quit the class.

He failed the first test; foolishly, he quit the class.

He likes cats; she likes dogs.

He likes cats; of course, she likes dogs.

She is really good in math; she works hard.

She works really hard in math; therefore, she is good at it.

She works really hard in math; for this reason, she is good at it.

She is really good in math; actually, she works hard at it.

She is really good in math; in fact, she works hard at it.

She is really good in math; to tell the truth, she works hard at it.

She is really good in math; undoubtedly, she works hard at it.

EF 6 Transitional Terms

English Foundations 6

Haley SHEC

Linking Words

Linkers, also called transition words or adverbial conjunctions, can be used after a period or a semicolon.

                        She doesn't type very fast. In addition, she can't spell.

                        She doesn't type very fast; in addition, she can't spell.

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A period or semi-colon before the linker— a comma after the linker!

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Here are some sentences showing how to use 64 common linkers:

talking about the present time

 1. These days, computers are available in most public schools and libraries.

 2. Nowadays, women get heart attacks almost as often as men do.

 3. In this day and age, technology is present in every facet of our life.

 4. Currently, the economy is strong.

 5. At the present time, the President is facing political difficulties.

talking about the historic past

 6. A long time ago, there were no computers in schools.

 7. In former times, people went to the river to get drinking water.

 8. Formerly, slaves did much of the work in this country.

 9. In the old days, kings and princes ruled people's lives.

giving additional examples and reasons

10. He's too weak to do heavy labor. In addition, his memory is failing him.

11. I think he's a boring teacher. What's more, he doesn't know his subject.

12. I don't have time to read Shakespeare. Besides, I don't understand him.

13. She's always late for work. Besides this, she loses important files.

14. The school doesn't have money for books. Furthermore, the building is old.

15. I am too busy to help you. Moreover, I think you can do it by yourself.

16. She's smart and beautiful. On top of that, she's kind and considerate.

giving the truth

17. I don't like little Ricky. To tell the truth, I think he's a monster.

18. He says he's a vegetarian. In fact, he eats seafood on occasion.

19. He calls himself a "professor." Actually, he's only a teaching assistant!

giving information which is against normal expectation

20. His liver was in bad shape. That notwithstanding, he continued to drink.

21. He loved her very much. However, he didn't ask her to marry him.

22. She hated him. Even so, she accepted all of his dinner invitations.

23. The boy got F's on all his exams. All the same, the teacher passed him.

24. I wasn't hungry. Still, I had dinner with the family and ate a lot.

25. I hated that job with a passion. Nevertheless, I stayed for ten years.

26. She spent hours in the hot kitchen. Regardless, he didn't touch her food.

giving the bright side or the sad side

27. She was hit by a car. Fortunately, she wasn't killed.

28. He lost his house in the hurricane. Happily, his whole family survived.

29. She inherited a million dollars. Unfortunately, she invested the money badly.

30. He did everything to make her happy. Sadly, she never grew to love him.

showing consistencies and similarities

31. He worked hard to make his wife happy. Likewise, she took good care of him.

32. He treated his workers well. In the same way, he did everything for his kids.

33. The lady was an angel. Similarly, her husband helped the poor in their town.

showing inconsistencies or dissimilarities

34. He was handsome and smart. On the other hand, he dressed very badly.

35. Falcons fly 200 miles per hour. In contrast, ostriches can't fly at all.

stating what is clearly true or probably true

36. He sang and danced on his way to work. Obviously, he liked his job.

37. He always took his kids to the park. Undoubtedly, he loved them a lot.

38. He gave vacation time and sick leave. Surely, his workers appreciated it.

39. He was invited to all the parties. Without doubt, he was quite popular.

40. He kept closing his eyes while I was speaking. Apparently, he hadn't slept well.

41. He couldn't recognize his friends. Possibly, he had Alzheimer's disease.

showing a direct result

42. We were tired and hungry. Therefore, we stopped to rest and eat lunch.

43. He went out dancing every week night. Consequently, he failed his class.

44. He studied hard and did all his homework. Thus, he got A's most of the time.

45. He worked seven days a week, twenty hours a day. As a result, he got sick.

Larry and Harry

            (46) On reflection, I really loved Larry a lot, but I knew I shouldn't keep going out with him! (47) First of all, he cursed and swore all the time, on the street and even in church! (48) Secondly, he dressed like a child, in torn, dirty jeans.

            (49) At first, I thought he was youthful and free-spirited. (50) Then I realized that he was just immature. (51) Next, I found out that he still lived with his mother. (52) Later, I found out that he didn't have a job. (52) After this, somebody told me that he lived on money that his dead father had left him.

            (53) Following this, I had a talk with him and told him to stop calling me. (54) Afterwards, he called me a few times, but I always hung up the phone. (55) Soon, he gave up and stopped calling me. (56) Finally, I was rid of him, but I wasn't happy.

            (57) Gradually, I got used to being without him even though I missed him. (58) Little by little, I started going out to meet other people. (59) After a while, I met some really nice guys at parties. (60) After some time, I began dating men again.

            (61) Eventually, I met Harold, who is my present husband. We’ve been happy for twelve years.

            (62) Hopefully, my daughter will meet somebody who is funny and free-spirited like Larry was. (63) With any luck, he will also be responsible and considerate like her father is. (64) In the future, I will be ready to give her a mother's advice when she starts dating men.

Sentence Combining Exercises

Ex.1    Ostriches run fast but can’t fly at all. Chickens are extremely poor fliers.

Ostriches run fast but can’t fly at all. Likewise, chickens are extremely poor fliers.

Ex.2    He didn’t have his watch on. He couldn’t tell her what time it was.

He didn’t have his watch on. Therefore, he couldn’t tell her what time it was.

1.         He had dinner and did his homework. He watched TV for a while.

2.         He gives money to anybody who asks. His wife gives to lots of charities.

3.         He gives money to charities. His brother never gives a penny to anybody.

4.         He’s rich and is known for being philanthropic. He gets lots of calls from charities.

5.         He gives too much homework and too many tests. I’m thinking about dropping the class.

6.         He needed an education. His parents decided to send him to school.

7.         He wanted to ask her her name. He was too shy.

8.         He was in a car accident. He wasn’t badly injured.

9.         He was panting loudly and sweating profusely. He had been working quite hard.

10.       He was taking a shower. She was in the kitchen cooking.

11.       He was very hungry. He didn’t touch anything on his plate.

12.       He went to see Casablanca with his girlfriend. It had already sold out by the time they got there.

13.       He won the lottery. The phone started ringing off the hook.

14.       He’s rich, loaded to the gills. He never gives to charities.

15.       Her dear old aunt came by to visit her after many years. She wasn’t home at the time.

16.       I love any kind of meat. Seafood makes me sick to my stomach.

17.       She loved him with all her heart. She finally decided not to marry him.

18.       The car had run out of gas. There was a gas station on the next block.

19.       Pigeon poop was everywhere, and neighbors complained. She continued to feed the birds.

20.       The policeman was screaming, and his face was red. He was extremely angry.

21.       The secretary typed slowly and inaccurately. The boss decided to keep her.

22.       He took care of all her financial needs. She made sure his house was always clean.

23.       I hated him. He was ill tempered and nasty. He had bad breath and body odor.

Taken with permission from http://www.eslprof.com/handouts

EF6- E10 Transitional Terms

Transitional Terms

            Transitional words and phrases help paragraphs read more smoothly by improving the             connections between supporting sentences.

            MODEL:        Use a period or semicolon between the sentences and a comma after the                                                transitional term.

                                    For example:  Richmond is an exciting city to live in; in particular, its Asian                                                                     influence makes for a very multicultural environment.

HERE ARE A MILLION FOR YOU TO USE:

Addition

also, again, besides, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover

Consequence

accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, otherwise, subsequently, therefore, thus

Generalizing

as a rule, as usual, for the most part, generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually

Exemplifying

chiefly, especially, for instance, in particular, namely, particularly, specifically, for one thing, as an illustration, as an example, for example

Emphasis

above all, chiefly, especially, particularly, in particular, singularly, moreover, most importantly

Similarity

comparatively, correspondingly, identically, likewise, similarly, by the same token, still, nevertheless,

Contrast

conversely, instead, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather, however, in contrast

Sequence

at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time, for now, for the time being, in time, in turn, later on, next, then, soon, later, earlier, simultaneously, afterward, finally

Restatement

in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, to put it differently

Summarizing

after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, 

EF6 Lots of examples of clauses, including essential and non-essential clauses

The man who was arrested last night called his lawyer. –adj cl

The man called his law loyer after he was arrested.- adv cl

The man’s wife didn’t know why he was arrested. –n cl

I lost a lottery ticket which I bought at a store.-adj cl

I bought a lottery ticket when I filled up my car at a gas station. –adv cl

I don’t understand why the crowd was protesting in front of the Parliament building. –n cl

My friend has a beautiful house which is located on the top of the hill. –adj cl

It is your duty to go to court when you are chosen as a jury member unless you have a good excuse. 2 adv cl

The crowd cried after Brazil lost the World Cup by 7:1.  adv cl

The woman who is living (lives- sounds more permanent) in a pink house is my new neighbor. adj.cl

The woman had been living (past perfect continuous)/ was living in that pink house before she had a baby girl. adv.cl

ENGLISH SPEAKERS DON’T OFTEN USE PAST PERFECT

The woman believes that her family is happier with that pink house. noun.cl “the people in her family are”  “her family members are”

I think that court is expecting more proof. Noun cl

While the court decided, the prisoner was nervous. Adv cl.

The lawyer, who is a nice person, is from Canada. adj cl

Why did you buy the ticket for the movie that starts at midnight? adj cl

I would like to have a friend who can do brilliant work in a court as a jury member or as a lawyer. adj cl

The lawyer, whom we met yesterday, works in the White House with President Obama. adj cl

The man who stole a car on the street was judged guilty by trial by jury. adj cl

A  large crowd knows why she killed a man. n cl

The man whose ticket was lost by his son bought another one. adj cl

Because he lost his ticket ,he bought another one. adv cl

I need to see my lawyer because I had a car accident. adv cl

adj cl ,,

TRUE

“All people who were born in Canada are Canadian citizens.”

FALSE

“All people, who were born in Canada, are Canadian citizens.”

Tom, who was born in Canada, is a Canadian citizen. non-essentail clause/ non-restrictive clause

Tom who was born in Canada is a Canadian citizen. essential clause/ non-restrictive clause

My sister who is a nurse plays volleyball. Two sisters

My sister, who is a nurse, plays volleyball. One sister

My mother who is retired loves to travel. Unusual

My mother, who is retired, loves to travel. Usual

EF6 Amnesty URL

http://www.amnesty.ca/sites/default/files/urgent_action_toolkit.pdf

EF6 Adverb clauses

Adverb clauses

because, when, if

He gets up at 7am because he has to be at work by 9.

When you get off work, let’s go grab coffee.

You should start saving your money if you want to buy a new bicycle.

KME pp99-100

*after

The kids do their homework after supper.- prep phrase

The kids do their homework (after they have their supper).- adv cl.

*since

Jie has lived in Vancouver since she moved here in 1998. –time

She will move to a smaller condo since her children have moved out. –reason Why? “because”

*ever since-time, seems like a long time

Jie has lived in Vancouver ever since she moved here in 1973.

I have been waiting for the bus ever since 8:15.

*while- imply an action requiring a long period of time

I was reading a book while when the phone rang.

I was reading a book while the kids played in the backyard.

*even if

We won’t go to the picnic even if it’s a nice day. adv cl doesn’t affect main cl

We’ll go to the picnic if it’s a nice day.- condition, adv cl controls main cl

I will go to the class even if I’m late.

I might be late.  I will go to the class, regardless.

*if only- usually with subjunctive mood, dream, imagine something

If only I were 7 feet tall, I would play in the NBA.

You would be happy if only George Clooney would marry you.

*provided that- if, for more serious situations

The bank will give you a loan if/ provided that you have a good job.

Provided that you work very hard, you should be successful in your new job.

Let’s go for a coffee provided that if you’re free.

*as if

You spend money as if you were a millionaire.- subjunctive mood

You have to dress as if you were already successful.

*only if

We will go to see “How to Train Your Dragon” only if you clean up your rooms, clean up my room, do the laundry, paint the fence, and cook supper. –strict condition

“if only”- dream

“only if”- strict condition

*in order that, so that

I have to renew my driver’s licence in order that/ so that I can drive my car.

in order to

*as much as- uncountable

He earns as much as Bill Gates (does).

My son eats as much as two normal children (do).

*as many as- countable

He can eat as many chicken wings as you can.

*as… as

She is as tall as her sister (is).

The little girl is as cute as a button.  She is also as smart as a whip.

smart- intelligent, hurt- pun

similes- comparison between two unlike things using “like or “as”

He is as quiet as a mouse.

She is as tough as nails.

He is as tall as a tree.

He is as thin as a dime.

EF6 Main and subordinate clauses

Blog

4.      We can’t leave unless it stops raining.

          Unless it stops raining, I can’t go home.

It stopped raining.

          We won’t have our picnic unless it stops raining.

          We can’t go for a picnic unless it stops raining.

IF

          We can go for a picnic if it stops raining.

ADVERB CLAUSES

I drink coffee when I feel sleepy.

When I feel sleepy, I drink coffee.

*** He was late because the bus broke down.

Because the bus broke down, he was late.

ADVERB CLAUSE AFTER MAIN CLAUSE- STYLE

Due to the increased price of housing in Vancouver, and because the Bank of Canada interest rate is due to rise in the short term, I will continue to rent. HARD TO FOLLOW

I will continue to rent due to the increased price of housing in Vancouver and because the Bank of Canada interest rate is due to rise in the short term. EASIER TO FOLLOW

**

The plane was late due to bad weather.

The plane was late because of bad weather.

**

It was due to arrive at 6 PM.

It was supposed to arrive at 6 PM

**

5.      fish dog cat

As long as you are sure about your goal, you can work hard to achieve it.

You should marry that girl if you love her.

          You should marry that girl as long as you love her.

7.      I decided to buy the shoes even though they weren’t the right ones.

          Even though it wasn’t the right one, I still chose this blue-coloured/ blue dress.

10.    If I were as good-looking as you, I would be a model.

I would have a better job if I were as good-looking as you.

7.      I liked that dress even though it wasn’t the right one.