Main Points of Grammar
simple sentences
subject + verb
It is a sunny day today.
subject + verb
It is a sunny day today.
compound sentences
subject + verb subject + verb
It is a sunny day today, but it is chilly.
subject + verb subject + verb
It is a sunny day today, but it is chilly.
,but ,and ,so ,or
; semicolons
It is a sunny day today; however, it is chilly.
complex sentences
because, if
Maria is happy because her son is visiting.
I live in a city which is very beautiful.
; semicolons
It is a sunny day today; however, it is chilly.
complex sentences
because, if
Maria is happy because her son is visiting.
I live in a city which is very beautiful.
main and subordinate clauses
COMPLEX SENTENCES
adverb clauses
adverb clauses
adjective clauses
noun clauses
verbs followed by infinitives and gerunds
I like to play music. infinitive "to go" "to eat"
I like playing music. gerund "going" "eating"
hate, love, prefer, begin, continue
She will continue to do yoga.
She will continue doing yoga.
subject verb agreement
I like playing music. gerund "going" "eating"
hate, love, prefer, begin, continue
She will continue to do yoga.
She will continue doing yoga.
subject verb agreement
Maria are is a doctor.
The kitten is/looks cute.
The kittens are/look cute.
phrasal verbs
The kitten is/looks cute.
The kittens are/look cute.
phrasal verbs
verb + preposition
look at
look for
look after
prepositional phrases
look at
look for
look after
prepositional phrases
in the city
on the table
beside the chair
behind the house
modal auxiliaries
can may might should would will
Joan can speak English a little bit.
on the table
beside the chair
behind the house
modal auxiliaries
can may might should would will
Joan can speak English a little bit.
sentence combining
verb tenses
past, present, future
Frank worked in an office.
Frank works in an office.
Frank will work in an office.
nouns as modifiers
usually adjectives are modifiers for nouns
describes a noun
This is a delicious sandwich.
nouns can also modify nouns
This is a delicious chicken sandwich. noun
noun noun - chicken sandwich
a blue pen - adjective
a plastic pen - noun
This is an English class. noun
This is an easy class. adjective
This is a two hours class. noun XXX
This is a two-hour class.
He is a six years old boy. XXX
He is a six-year-old boy. - hyphen
Frank worked in an office.
Frank works in an office.
Frank will work in an office.
nouns as modifiers
usually adjectives are modifiers for nouns
describes a noun
This is a delicious sandwich.
nouns can also modify nouns
This is a delicious chicken sandwich. noun
noun noun - chicken sandwich
a blue pen - adjective
a plastic pen - noun
This is an English class. noun
This is an easy class. adjective
This is a two hours class. noun XXX
This is a two-hour class.
He is a six years old boy. XXX
He is a six-year-old boy. - hyphen
causative verbs
help, ask, let
Maria helped Joan to learn English.
I will help you to wash your car.
I ask you to close the door.
I asked my son to clean his room.
Maria lets her cat sleep on her bed.
Maria allows her cat to sleep on her bed.
I don't let my dog sleep on my bed.
paragraph writing process
Maria helped Joan to learn English.
I will help you to wash your car.
I ask you to close the door.
I asked my son to clean his room.
Maria lets her cat sleep on her bed.
Maria allows her cat to sleep on her bed.
I don't let my dog sleep on my bed.
paragraph writing process
passive and active voice
voice -
Sarah ate the sandwich. active voice
subject did the verb
The sandwich was eaten by Sarah. passive voice
subject does nothing
sentence fragments
Sarah ate the sandwich. active voice
subject did the verb
The sandwich was eaten by Sarah. passive voice
subject does nothing
sentence fragments
not a complete sentence
When it is sunny. fragment
When it is sunny, I go on a picnic.
I go on a picnic when it is sunny.
run-on sentences
It is sunny it is warm. XXX
It is sunny, and it is warm.
It is sunny. It is warm.
It is sunny and warm.
adjective form
When it is sunny. fragment
When it is sunny, I go on a picnic.
I go on a picnic when it is sunny.
run-on sentences
It is sunny it is warm. XXX
It is sunny, and it is warm.
It is sunny. It is warm.
It is sunny and warm.
adjective form
basic comparative superlative
warm warmer warmest
quiet quieter quietest
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Trump is a racist and a sexist.
appositives
My sister, Kathy, is a nurse. appositive
Kathy, my sister, is a nurse.
Our school, South Hill, is on Fraser Street.
Egypt, my home country, is famous for the Pyramids of Giza.
warm warmer warmest
quiet quieter quietest
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Trump is a racist and a sexist.
appositives
My sister, Kathy, is a nurse. appositive
Kathy, my sister, is a nurse.
Our school, South Hill, is on Fraser Street.
Egypt, my home country, is famous for the Pyramids of Giza.
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