models - supermodels
modals -verb, modal auxiliaries
auxiliary = extra
AUX
One-word modals
can
could
may
might
must
should
will
would
shall
SUBJECT + MODAL + infinitive -"to"
Marie + might +
Marie might go to the party.
The verb doesn't change.
I / You/ We / Your friend / Ten students might go to the party.
NO SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT FOR MODALS- I go, He goes
Josephine + will +
Josephine will call the doctor next week.
INFINITIVE VERB
to go
to eat
to sleep
to read
Maria can not read English.
PRONUNCIATION
Maria can read English.
Maria can't read English. STRESS- say it louder, stronger
I love Xmas.
I don't like Xmas. STRESS
He has a monotone voice. He has a very flat voice.
She mutters. She does not project her voice.
mono = 1
tone= musical note
hard of hearing = slightly deaf
hearing loss
Some people have trouble following a conversation in a noisy room.
He can't hear as well as he used to.
Your ears pop.
damages high end
tinnitus = high frequency squeal in your ears
German - Gesundheit!
Two-word modals
had better = should
"You had better study for the test."
"I had better study for the test."
"Your sister had better study for the test."
have to = must
"You have to
ought to = should
"We ought to
used to = did it in the past
"She used to live in Burnaby."
Three-word modals
be able to = can
"She is able to play piano."
be supposed to = should
"The little boy is supposed to feed the dog."
have got to = must must must, very strongly 'have to'
"You have got to lock the door when you leave the house."
"You have got to take your heart medicine every day."
We want to go see the lights at Van Dusen.
I want to visit my grandmother.
I want to go visit my grandmother.
Let's have some lunch.
Let's go have some lunch. AUTHENTIC
Let's go and have some lunch.
Exercises: Choose appropriate modals for each:
1. I didn’t feel very well yesterday. I couldn't eat anything.
2. You must/should/had better look at me when I am talking to you.
3. I was using my pencil a minute ago. It must/has to be here somewhere!
must= we really believe it
You worked the graveyard shift. You must be exhausted.
graveyard shift - midnight to 8am
day shift / night shift / graveyard shift
4. You really can't / shouldn't be late again.
You will be really late.
5. If you don’t start working harder, you will / will have to repeat the course next year.
will have to
6. Phone her now. She should /must / is supposed to /might be home by now.
7. You shouldn't forget your sunscreen. It’s going to be very hot!
8. I might / may / should be able to help you, but I’m not sure yet.
9. Mozart could play the piano beautifully as a child. He composed music. He was a great composer.
I can now
I could yesterday
will / would
I will buy a new phone.
I would buy a new phone, but I don't have any money.
would - imagining- subjunctive mood
If she had a chance, she would be a doctor.
10. I really should / must/ have got / have got to try to get fit.
I really used to try to get fit.
11. May / Can / Should I take a photograph of you?
12. Students can / are able to borrow up to 15 books at any time.
13. Whose bag is this? I don’t know, but it may / might / could belong to Yuta.
14. Can / May / Could I go to the bathroom, please?
15. His excuse might / may be true, but I don’t believe it.
16. Can you speak French? Only a few words, but my Russian is pretty good.
Could you translate this French for me?
17. Could / Can you help me move this table?
18. I could help you,
19. Could / Can / Will you open the window, please.
standard operating procedure
20. I couldn't move the table. It was too heavy.
21. You shouldn't eat so much chocolate. It’s not good for you.
22. I’m afraid I can't / won't be able to play tennis tomorrow. I’ve got a dentist appointment.
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