Eng 12 Transition Terms

however
therefore

BASIC - white rice, no flavour
glass of water, no pizzazz

; semicolon NOT HIGH FREQUENCY, USEFUL

.

Richmond is an exciting city to live in; in particular, it's Asian influence makes for a very multicultural environment.

A ; TRANS, B.

I like cats; conversely, she likes dogs.
I like cats. Conversely, she likes dogs.



We should strive to make our writing sound fresh and interesting.

TRITE, STALE
however
therefore
in conclusion

Eng 12 fragments

sentence fragments - frags

sentence fragment- not a complete sentence, half a sentence

frag

Because she didn't want to be in the kitchen working with her mother.  frag

COMMON ERROR
The girl always left the kitchen as soon as her chores were finished. Because she didn't want to be in the kitchen working with her mother.

SOLUTION
The girl always left the kitchen as soon as her chores were finished because she didn't want to be in the kitchen working with her mother.

The girl always left the kitchen as soon as her chores were finished. She didn't want to be in the kitchen working with her mother.

The girl always left the kitchen as soon as her chores were finished; she didn't want to be in the kitchen working with her mother.

; shows the two are linked in some way

STYLE
I like cats; she likes dogs.
I like cats. She likes dogs. 

The girl always left the kitchen as soon as her chores were finished; TRANS, she didn't want to be in the kitchen working with her mother.

The girl always left the kitchen as soon as her chores were finished; obviously, she didn't want to be in the kitchen working with her mother.

1. Pete and Bob sitting vf on the grass and watching a game of football. vf verb form 
SOLUTION
Pete and Bob sat on the grass and watched a game of football.
parallel verbs -

Pete and Bob are sitting on the grass and watching a game of football.

Pete and Bob who are sitting on the grass are watching a game of football. COMPLEX SENT- ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

3. The diamond ring stolen vf last Friday night.

The diamond ring was stolen last Friday night.

The diamond ring stolen last Friday night was worth $2500.
The diamond ring that was stolen last Friday night was worth $2500.


4. While we waited for the mechanic to fix our car.
We waited for the mechanic to fix our car. SIMPLE

While we waited for the mechanic to fix our car, we had a coffee. COMPLEX - ADVERB CLAUSE
We had a coffee while we waited for the mechanic to fix our car. COMPLEX - ADVERB CLAUSE

He wears a hat when it is cold.
When it is cold, he wears a hat.

SENTENCE STYLES:
SIMPLE
COMPOUND
COMPLEX - adjective clause, adverb clause, noun clause

Exercise
1. A class of adults learning about how to make their own car repairs. frag
A class of adults is learning about how to make their own car repairs.
A class of adults learning about how to make their own car repairs meet on Tuesday nights.
A class of adults who are learning about how to make their own car repairs meet on Tuesday nights.

5. Mr. Contreras, the only resident who is against the plan. frag
Mr. Contreras is the only resident who is against the plan.
Mr. Contreras, the only resident who is against the plan, is very upset.
Mr. Contreras, who is the only resident who is against the plan, is very upset.

Eng 12 Using Quotations

Focus was on using '' '' quotations

Here are some key points to remember when using quotations:

1)   Incorporate quotations into your sentences.

2)   Keep quotations to a few words.  Quotations are like salt in food: a little bit gives flavour; too much ruins the dish. Less is more.

3)   Use quoted material to support your points. You make the point. The "" is just evidence.

4)   Don’t use too many quotations.  Pick two or three quotations to support your brainstormed points and leave the rest.

5)   Make sure the quoted material is exactly as written in the story.  Use … (ellipsis) and [ ] (square brackets) to make minor grammatical or stylistic changes.

6)   Avoid repeating quotations. Quotations are normally one-time use only.

7)   After quoting material, go on to explain why the quotation is relevant.

8)   ADVISE: Avoid ending paragraphs with quotations.

EF5/6 noun clauses

clauses - group of words with a subject and a verb

main clauses

subordinate clauses

adjective clauses
who, which, that, LESS COMMON whose, whom

adverb clauses
because, if , when, since, unless, as...as, even though, whenever, even if

noun clauses

action, verbs: think, feel, believe, know, imagine, seem, understand, agree

that, why

think Maria thinks that SV.
Maria thinks that her son is handsome.
Joan thinks that English is hard.
Everyone thinks that Vancouver is expensive.

I believe that putting in effort is most important when studying English.
I believe that my daughter is not telling the truth.
I know that we will have a break on March 15th.

She likes how the lights look in the sky.

I am afraid that we will have a hard time if we go out camping. noun clause, adverb clause

Be careful. It is easy to get lost in long sentences. KISS - Keep it simple, silly.

Shorter sentences are easier to control.


Sarah knows why Maria is late today.
I don't know why Maria is late today.

The mother doesn't know why her son is crying.

1. Whatever you want to do is ok with me.
You can order whatever you want.
2. I don't know how you fixed the car.
I know how to play piano.
She knows how to speak French. how she can speak French.

4. It annoys us that you chew with your mouth open.
I don't like that it rains so much in Vancouver.
People know how beautiful Vancouver is.
I know how kind Joan is.
I remember how hard being a teenager is.

6. Mary doesn't understand why the TV isn't working.
I don't understand what is wrong with this.
8. Judge a person what she does, not what she says.
10. What you need is a good rest.

EF5/6 Using Quoted Material

" " quotation marks have three purposes
1. titles of stories or texts that do not their own covers
"The Rosa Parks Story"
"The Landlady"
In Context - has its own covers, a book by itself, a book title, using writing by hand
In Context italics, when using computer

2. to show special usage of a word, usually irony

3. to show quoted material ""

Writing paragraphs - use words from the text, story, book

Copy from the book. 

They had Rosa Parks to thank for lighting the fuse.
COPIED XXX
"They had Rosa Parks to thank for lighting the fuse." XXX

Choose a few words, 2-3 words, and quote it.
Pick the most important 2-3 words.

"lighting the fuse"

Incorportate this quotation into our sentence. We write the sentence

MODEL
People consider Rosa Parks a hero because she was responsible for "lighting the fuse" (35) that got people to protest.

"lighting the fuse" proof, evidence, shows something is true 

Dr. Martin Luther King started a "non-violent revolt" (35) against the unfair laws.

Grammatical

The protesters were "on fire for freedom" (35) because they had suffered discrimination for so long.

Shorter is better. Longer is not better.

The Civil Rights marches were made up of volunteer "peaceful protesters" (35) who wanted to make a difference.

 Has to be a sentence.

The African-American people of Alabama had spent  generations being "segregated and humiliated" (34) by racist Whites.

Eng 12 Sentence variety

sentence styles-

SIMPLE
Subject+Verb
"The mountain is covered with snow."
Simple sentence carry a lot of weight.
ADVISE- Put a strong statement into a simple sentence.
"Always work hard."
"Be honest."
"Tell the truth."
"The girl in the story was rebelling against gender stereotypes."



COMPOUND
SV   SV
"The girl in the story was rebelling against gender stereotypes. She refused to follow her mother's wishes." 2 simple

"The girl in the story was rebelling against gender stereotypes XXX she refused to follow her mother's wishes."

Coordinating conjunctions
FANBOYS for and nor but or yet so
"I am wearing a sweater, for it is cold."
"It is cold, yet we are still going to the park."

SOBA -most authentic, natural, real English
so or but and
"It is cold, but/and we are still going to the park."
"The girl in the story was rebelling against gender stereotypes, and she refused to follow her mother's wishes."
'and' 
"The girl in the story was rebelling against gender stereotypes, so she refused to follow her mother's wishes."
'so' shows causation

SOBA

; semicolon




COMPLEX

EF5/6 Literary Terms, part 2

3. Plot - the event of the short story, novel, movie

from the beginning to the end - organized in time, chronological sequence, order of events, what happens

4. conflict - against (prep), problem, disagreement, argument, challenge, fight, tension, violence

conflict drives the story, the energy of the story

vs - versus, against
Canucks vs Blue Jackets
Barcelona vs Real Madrid
Brazil vs Canada

EXTERNAL CONFLICTS
*person vs person
Rollo stabbed Mike

husband and wife

two kids arguing

customer and salesperson

two boxers

person vs society
Malala Yousafzei, Shakila Zareen
Viola Desmond and Rosa Parks
cultural differences - language, lonely, teaching style

person vs nature
climate change, global warming, wildfire, drought, flooding, earthquake, snow, tsumani, monsoon, hurricane, typhoon, volcano
wild animals - bear, cougar, coyote

person vs technology
computers
GMO - genetically modified organism

person vs supernatural
supernatural - ghosts, zombies, spirits, devils, aliens

spooked, scared

INTERNAL CONFLICT
person vs herself/himself
psychological problem
something you want to change about yourself

5. narrator - the voice that is telling the story, sometimes it is a character in the story (e.g. Brian Bonner), sometimes it is a voice that is not  character (e.g. the writer's voice)