11:00 7/10 Sentence combining

sentence combining
William Strong


take several short sentences - find the key words in each, put the key words together into a longer, denser sentence

start with a kernel, centre

Kai plays soccer. KERNEL, scaffold
FIND NEW INFORMATION
He scores goals.
He is a good player.

Kai plays soccer, and he scores goals, and he is a good player. LOW-QUALITY

Kai plays soccer, scores goals, is a good player. 
SIMPLE
Kai plays soccer where he scores goals and is a good player. COMPLEX - adj cl

COMPACT AND DENSE
Kai plays soccer and scores goals because he is a good player.
Kai, who plays soccer, scores goals and is a good player.
Kai is a good soccer player and scores goals.
Kai, who plays soccer well, scores goals.
Kai, a good soccer player, scores goals.

1. I like Italian cooking. KERNEL
I like Chinese cooking.
They are very different.

I like Italian cooking
Chinese cooking
very different

Gut reaction - simple, compound, complex
What kind of sentence seems most appropriate?
I like Italian cooking and Chinese cooking although they are very different.
I like Italian and Chinese cooking although they are very different. COMPLEX
I like Italian and Chinese cooking , but they are very different. COMPOUND
Our decision to make as to what sounds best. Am I being as clear as I can be?
Am I using enough variety in my sentence styles?

The mother told her daughter that she couldn't borrow her necklace because she had been given it by her grandmother.
This is not clear.

The mother told her daughter that she couldn't borrow her necklace because she had been given it by her grandmother.

2. They are both spicy.
Italian cooks use garlic and oregano.
Chinese cooks often use ginger and hot pepper.

They are both spicy.
Italian cooks use garlic and oregano.
Chinese cooks often use ginger and hot pepper.

Although Italian cooks use garlic and oregano, and Chinese cooks often use ginger and hot pepper, they are both spicy.
Avoid opening sentences with long dependent clauses.

They are both spicy although Italian cooks use garlic and oregano, and Chinese cooks often use ginger and hot pepper.

Although they are both spicy, Italian cooks use garlic and oregano, and Chinese cooks often use ginger and hot pepper.
Shorter opening clause - seems better

Choices about style.

7/10 Comparison Contrast essays

You learn a language socially, not in school

sports teams - community centres, teams and classes
inexpensive, different levels
form a team - join a league, weekly games
Sunday, Monday, Thursday and sometimes Friday evenings
meet friends, companions
- after the game, go out for a snack with everyone
- you learn a language socially, school learning won't do it!

lots of classes - sports, arts - pottery

meetup.com - not a dating site, social activities

- adult hiking group, cycling group

- Volleyball A, B, C

- Put yourself in challenging/scary situations with English. Push your limit. Try to do more than you're comfortable with. Go outside your comfort zone/level.

Perfectionism is a barrier.
If you wait until you are perfect, you will wait forever. Don't wait until you feel ready - jump into the pool.




Five-paragraph essay - basic model, very common model, 3*5 essay

Compare/contrast essay - useful model for school

compare - find similarities, ways that two things are similar
contrast- find differences, ways that two things are not alike

Ways to organize a CC essay:

Basic Block Style

Block Comparison Style

Point-by-Point Style


"Compare or contrast having dogs or cats as pets."

In higher classes, you can often choose your mode of writing: narrative, CC, persuasive, etc.
mode- style and structure of the writing Higher level classes:
From a Eng 12 Provincial Exam:

Using standard English, write in the Response Booklet, a coherent, unified, multi-paragraph (3 or more paragraphs) composition of at least 300 words on the topic below. In your composition, you may apply any appropriate method of development including exposition, persuasion, description, and narration.


Compare and/or contrast apples and oranges.

EXAMPLE OF THESIS STATEMENT
Although apples and oranges are both fruit, they are very different in their taste, nutritional value, and eating method.

Commas are very personal and often reflect a personal style.


Compare or contrast grade school education in Canada at present and a generation ago.


differences -
1. flexibility in schedule and course delivery- online, mixed mode, self-paced, traditional classroom
2. recognition of differences in students' abilities-
ESL, learning difficulties, learning styles,  
3. relationship between teacher and students- old day- sage on the stage, today- guide on the side
friendlier, more respectful


Brainstorming

Introduction
grabber - 
    There is no perfect way to teach. Nevertheless, education in Canada has evolved over the last 30 years. It is now very different and arguably better than it was in our parents' day. There are three main ways that it has changed: course delivery, recognition of differences, and teacher-student relationship.

BODY
First, the way that course material is delivered to students had changed greatly.


4. 





  They say that the apple doesn't fall far from the tree. However, sometimes the apple rolls down the hill. Likewise, my son and I may look the same, but we find fun in very different ways.

11:00 7/10 Sentence fragments

Sentences - very important , fundamental, foundation

SIMPLE
SV

COMPOUND
SV , SOBA SV.
SV , FANBOYS SV.
SV ; TRANS, SV.

COMPLEX
- adv cl
- noun cl
- adj cl

Each sentence has to be one of these types, or it probably isn't real English.

A big focus of this class has been sentences.

Fundamental, foundational


sentence fragments
fragment- piece of something, not complete
sentence fragment - collection of words, clause, not a complete sentence, something is missing

e.g.
Mary likes sports. For example, soccer and volleyball. XXX frag
PROBLEM?
For example, soccer and volleyball.  SV
FIX:
For example, she likes soccer and volleyball. 

Mary likes sports, for example, soccer and volleyball.
I can play quite a few musical instruments, for example, the flute, the guitar, and the piano.


1. Pete and Bob sitting on the grass and watching a game of football. frag V
1. Pete and Bob are sitting on the grass and watching a game of football. SIMPLE
2. Pete and Bob, who were sitting on the grass, were watching a game of football. COMPLEX- adj cl
3. Pete and Bob are sitting on the grass, and they are watching a game of football. COMPOUND

Choice of several different ways to say the same thing.

2. Cartons (for these appliances) are (in the room) (at the back) (of the shop).
prepositional phrases - on the desk, in your house, to the party

Mary will go to Surrey
to the school
Mary will go to the hospital. (Canada)
Mary will go to hospital. (UK)
Karen is in hospital. (UK)
Karen is in the hospital. (Canada)
Karen is in VGH/ St. Paul's/ Children's.
Mary will go home.
Mary will go to your home.
Mary will go downtown.
She lives downtown.
She works downtown.
She goes to China twice a year.
She lives uptown.

I am going to the underground.
I am going to the subway.
I am going underground.

3. The diamond ring stolen last Friday night. FRAG V
The diamond ring was stolen last Friday night. passive voice
The diamond ring stolen last Friday night was worth $5 000 000. COMPLEX
The diamond ring which was stolen last Friday night was worth $5 000 000. COMPLEX

The diamond ring had been stolen last Friday night. past perfect, passive voice
English speakers rarely use past perfect. We substitute simple past.
The diamond ring was stolen last Friday night.

4. While we waited for the mechanic to fix our car.
FRAG - adv cl
FIX
While We waited for the mechanic to fix our car.
While we waited for the mechanic to fix our car, it was raining.   , we had lunch.   , we ran into our friend.

8. A survey of twenty two cities that are considering new property taxes. FRAG
A survey of twenty two cities is considering new property taxes. XXX
This is a survey of twenty two cities that are considering new property taxes.

5. Mr. Contreras, the only resident who is against the plan. FRAG v
Mr. Contreras is/remains the only resident who is against the plan.
Mr. Contreras, the only resident who is against the plan, is very stubborn.
Mr. Contreras, the only resident who is against the plan, is stubborn as a mule.

6. Plans to buy the deluxe vacuum cleaner since it is on sale. FRAG S
Jen plans to buy the deluxe vacuum cleaner since it is on sale.

14. Over two thousand people attended the annual Malcolm X Day in honour of the slain civil rights leader's birthday.
We had a party in honour of our grandmother's 99th birthday.
We have an party essay on Friday in honour of us finishing English 10/English Foundations 7.

18. On the way to the local discount store, seeing a video store's offer of three movies for $5.00. FRAG SV
On the way to the local discount store, Daniel saw/noticed/spotted a video store's offer of three movies for $5.00.

10. To repair over half of the state's crumbling bridges. FRAG S V

The government is repairing over half of the state's crumbling bridges.
The government is planning to repair over half of the state's crumbling bridges.
I am planning to study science at Langara next year.

a three days conference XXX
a three-day conference 
a four-hour plane ride

8:30 7/10 Sentence review

Sentences
SIMPLE
S + V

COMPOUND
SV, SOBA SV.
SV, FANBOYS SV.
SV ; TRANS, SV.

COMPLEX
adverb clauses
noun clauses
adjective clauses

3 styles - English. Your sentence has to be one of those styles, or it probably not English.


sentence fragments - common error
fragment - a piece, something missing
sentence fragment - usually S and/or V missing

Mary plays sports. For example, soccer and hockey. frag
For example, she plays soccer and hockey.
Mary plays sports, for example, soccer and hockey.
I can play quite a few musical instruments, for example, the flute, the guitar, and the piano.

1. Pete and Bob sitting on the grass and watching a game of football. frag- verb
Pete and Bob are sitting on the grass and watching a game of football. SIMPLE SVV
Pete and Bob are sitting on the grass, and they are watching a game of football. COMPOUND SV, SOBA SV

2. Okay 

3. The diamond ring stolen last Friday night. V
The diamond ring was stolen last Friday night. SIMPLE
The diamond ring stolen last Friday night was worth $1 000 000. COMPLEX adj cl
The diamond ring that was stolen last Friday night was worth $1 000 000. COMPLEX adj cl

Choices for sentences.

4. While we waited for the mechanic to fix our car.
FRAG - adv cl
FIX IT While We waited for the mechanic to fix our car.
While we waited for the mechanic to fix our car, we had lunch.
We had lunch while we waited for the mechanic to fix our car.

Fundamental skills - we can never get away from our basic skills.

7. Then listened to his friend trying to explain the story. FRAG - S missing
Then he/John Legend listened to his friend trying to explain the story.
Then he/John Legend listened to his friend while he was trying to explain the story.
Then he/John Legend listened to his friend while trying to explain the story.
Then, he ... (optional comma) What sounds best?
John Legend listened to his friend while he was trying to explain the story; then(,) he went out. COMPOUND COMPLEX - adv cl

Then he/John Legend listened to his friend while he was trying to explain the story.

than/then - not the same
then - next, afterwards
than - comparison He is taller than she is.

Then John Legend listened to his friend who was trying to explain the story. COMPLEX- adj cl
Then John Legend listened to his friend while he was trying to explain the story. COMPLEX- adv cl
First we went to Granville Island. Next, we took the Aquabus downtown.

to Surrey We went to Surrey.
to school We went to school.
to Chinatown We went to 
to downtown We went downtown.
I live downtown. I work downtown.

to home We went home.
I stayed at home. I stayed home.

I went to the hospital. (Canada)
I went to hospital. (UK)

10. Even if the recession continues. FRAG - adv. cl.
Even if  The recession will continue. SIMPLE
Even if the recession continues, my company is still hiring new employees.
Even if the recession continues, my company will still hire new employees.
Even if the recession continues, the number of jobs will still rise/increase/remain the same.
Even if the recession continues, I am going to/will/would find a better opportunity somewhere else.
I will work for the construction company even if the recession continues.
I will work for the construction company.
I will continue to work for the construction company.
I will continue working for the construction company.
I will persist in developing my dancing skills.
persist - emotional

8. Unless the weather improves, we'll shall stay home.
2. Cartons (for these appliances) are (in the room) (at the back) (of the shop).
prepositional phrase "in the store" "on the bus" "under the desk" "under pressure" "for real"
These appliances' cartons... XXX



3. The laborers' union council to decide what sites to picket. FRAG V
council - decision-making group

The laborers' union council decided/will decide what sites to picket.

The laborers' union council is preparing organizing a meeting to decide what sites to picket.

4. Charged with drunken driving after falling asleep at a traffic light. FRAG - S
David was charged with drunken driving after falling asleep at a traffic light. passive voice

18. On the way to the local discount store, seeing a video store's offer of three movies for $5.00. FRAG - S 
On the way to the local discount store, the group of students saw a video store's offer of three movies for $5.00. 
On the way to the local discount store, the group of students saw/noticed/spotted a video store that offered three movies for $5.00.
Joe recognized his long-lost brother in the crowd at the soccer game. By the time he ran around to the other side of the stadium, he was gone.

13. A prison construction project could employ over one hundred community residents. SENT
A prison's construction project could employ over one hundred community residents. XXX

7/10 Animal Farm Ch.10 Notes

 Chapter 10 Discussion Notes

 pre-rebellion life forgotten, all original animals dead except Clover, Benjamin, Moses, some pigs
 No animals ever retired
 Benjamin more or less the same, more “morose” “taciturn” after Boxer
 new horses, stupid, good workers, comrades, accept everything
 farm prosperous- animals not richer, except dogs and pigs
 many dogs and pigs
 pigs write reports, immediately burned (87)
 no memory/ context to compare quality of life
 Benjamin recalls, cynical- not better or worse
 Squealer spins
 Animals feel hope “sense of honour and privilege” (87)
 “imperishable pride” “old heroic days” (88)
 “All animals were equal”
 Squealer reeducates sheep: “Four legs good, two legs better!”
 Pigs on hind legs, Napoleon with whip
 Benjamin reads aloud single commandment (90)
 pigs wear clothes, smoke pipe, carry whips

 Big meeting, final scene of book
 all friends, speechifying, toasting
 model farm “did more work and received less food” (92)
 common “labour problems” “you have your lower animals... we have our lower classes” (92)
 Napoleon not “subversive” or “revolutionary”, just want “normal business relations”
 farm co-op, cooperative business, housing
“owned by the pigs jointly” (93)
controlled by the elite, higher level of society

 renamed “Manor Farm”
 big fight, card cheats, indistinguishable- read final paragraph (95)

7/10 Animal Farm Ch 9 Notes

Chapter 9 Discussion Notes

  Boxer hurt, keeps working, not show pain

hoof - animal foot, cow, horse, sheep, goat

paw - cat dog

claw - cat

talon - eagle

dew claw

  Clover nurse, Benjamin worried

  retirement- good pension plan

  hard winter, rations reduced except for pigs and dogs (75)

Squealer spins “readjustment”, figures to prove life better

spin(v) - twist the truth, use vocabulary that will trick you
spin the truth

euphemism (n) - tricky word that hides the truth
die- passed away

washroom, restroom, bathroom

"Area of Refuge" - some buildings

spin doctor - politicians, lawyer

  “they had been slaves and now they were free” (75)

  Napoleon sires many children- educated, play apart

  other animals must stand aside for pigs

  pigs wear green ribbons on Sundays

  successful year, but rations reduced, pigs still fat, comfortable

barley reserved for pigs, beer ration

  life has “greater dignity” (77) songs, speeches, processions

  Spontaneous Demonstrations (77) appointed time, military-like procession

  fluttering flags, empty bellies

  AnimalFarm-Republic with president

  further propaganda against Snowball regarding Battle of Cowshed (78), Napoleon wounded Snowball

  Moses the raven returns (78), outwardly condemned but supported by pigs

  Boxer tiring, weakening, collapses
workaholic, alcoholic, chocoholic, shopaholic, travelaholic, sugaraholic, saltoholic

  knacker van- Benjamin finally speaks up, too late

  Squealer spins van/ death
animals are naive, gullible, credulous

  pigs drunk on whiskey

7/10 Five-paragraph essay review

Review five-paragraph essay

Introductory paragraph
- Grabber (optional)
- Thesis statement - clearly linked to the question
state the thesis - topic, controlling idea
- Preview of the three points (optional)

Body paragraphs
1. Topic sentence
- supporting points
- supporting points
- supporting points
2. Topic sentence
- supporting points
- supporting points
- supporting points
3. Topic sentence
- supporting points
- supporting points
- supporting points

Concluding paragraph
- restatement of thesis, points
- end with a clincher (optional)

I was looking for essay structure
I was looking for good sentences- 
SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX

Ideas and presentation of the ideas - challenge

7/10 AF Ch 8&9 notes

 Chapter 8 Discussion Notes

 6th Commandment changed
“none cared to mention it” (61)
 push to finish windmill
 Squealer's quota reports, over-inflated, lies

propaganda - inaccurate information, lies

 animals losing perspective on pre-revolutionary life

 Napoleon increasingly withdrawn, elitist (62)
appears with dogs and rooster, fanfare

formal grandiose titles (62)
US president "Commander in Chief"
Iran "Symbol of God"
North Korea "Dear Leader"


 Napoleon credited with every success
 Napoleon song (63)
 propaganda Snowball plot to murder Napoleon- guard dogs, taster

LINK TO STALINIST HONOURIFICS
READ FROM PHOTOCOPY ABOUT APPLAUSE

N. Korean TV anchor, Ri Chun Hee:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7J2Nnl7Ano&app=desktop

N. Korean mourners, Kim Jong Il:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccsNr9UJeVY

 Mr. Frederick vilified

bank notes are forgeries
ripped off, swindled, scam


 more Snowball propaganda, gander false confession, suicide
MORE FALSE CONFESSIONS

 Snowball not received “Animal Hero, First Class”
censured for cowardice
 Squealer remakes animals' memories (65)
remember - re (again) member (put together)


 windmill finished, Napoleon Mill, foreshadowing “explosives would lay them low this time” (66)

 180 switch from Frederick to Pilkington- wood sold
 all confusion blamed on Snowball (67)
 wood “carted away at high speed”
 counterfeit cash from wood to buy machinery for windmill-
 animals prepare for attack from Frederick
 guns, animals fall back, Pilkington message “Serves you right” (69)
 Benjamin sees men to blast windmill, destroyed
dynamite
Pyrrhic victory – victory but with great losses

 animals counter-attack, bloody melee, Napoleon in rear
 Squealer (absent during fight) spins defeat (71)
 Boxer wounded, weary
 Napoleon awards to self “Order of Green Banner” (72)

 whiskey, pigs drunk, hungover, has a hangover
https://www.tienda.com/recipes/sangria.html
cocktails, mixed drinks

 sow field of barley (73)

Canada Pension Plan (CPP) - you pay into it
Old Age Supplement (OAS) - low-income seniors


 Squealer caught changing Fifth Commandment


He is a mean drunk. She gets mouthy when she drinks.
He gets talkative when he drinks.
He turns into a motor mouth.

She is a happy drunk.

Two glasses of wine and the English will flow.
Your inhibitions are lowered.
inhibitions - internal barriers, control
a blackout - 

amnesia - memory loss

Bears hibernate.

He has the party flu. slang, hangover


medication - SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Prozac
psychiatrist/therapist - $$
stigma - 


Chapter 9 Discussion Notes
 Boxer hurt, keeps working, not show pain
 Clover nurse, Benjamin worried
 retirement- good pension plan

 hard winter, rations reduced except for pigs and dogs (75)
Squealer spins “readjustment”, figures to prove life better
 “they had been slaves and now they were free” (75)

 Napoleon sires many children- educated, play apart
 other animals must stand aside for pigs
 pigs wear green ribbons on Sundays

 successful year, but rations reduced, pigs still fat, comfortable
barley reserved for pigs, beer ration
 life has “greater dignity” (77) songs, speeches, processions
 Spontaneous Demonstrations (77) appointed time, military-like procession
 fluttering flags, empty bellies
 AnimalFarm-Republic with president
 further propaganda against Snowball regarding Battle of Cowshed (78), Napoleon wounded Snowball

 Moses the raven returns (78), outwardly condemned but supported by pigs

 Boxer tiring, weakening, collapses
 knacker van- Benjamin finally speaks up, too late
 Squealer spins van/ death

 pigs drunk on whiskey

7/10 AF Ch7 notes

l  Chapter 7 Discussion Notes

  “bitter winter” humans waiting for them to fail, rallying source of pride for animals, READ FROM PHOTOCOPY ABOUT RUSSIAN WINTER

-7, -15 with the windchill

SADS - seasonal affective depression disorder

  humans believe Snowball not cause, walls too thin

scapegoat (n)(v)- someone who you can blame for your problems

Carla's brother is her scapegoat for all of her problems.

She scapegoats her brother.

  rebuild windmill “cruel work” (49)

  January rations short, starvation looms

root cellar - natural refrigerator

  Napoleon proposes campaign to impress outsiders

  Napoleon appears in “ceremonial manner” (50) escorted by dogs

rooster fanfare

Q5

  hens to surrender eggs for sale

  hens stage rebellion

  hens starved out, capitulate, rebellion hushed up

Q6

  all misdeeds/mishaps attributed to Snowball

  Snowball causing trouble, cows “milked... in their sleep” (52)

  Napoleon frightens animals with bogeyman of Snowball

  Snowball and Jones not enemies “in league” (53)

  scapegoat

Q7

  Propaganda- Snowball in league with Mr. Jones from beginning

  Squealer retells Battle of the Cowshed- Napoleon heroic, Snowball cowardly

  Boxer disbelieving but then convinced (54, top of 55)

 Boxer has a target on his back now.

gossip, intrigue

  Squealer appeals to authority (55)

Logical fallacies.

Good ways to trick people in an argument, as used by Squealer:

The Appeal to Authority is a fallacy with the following form:

Person A is (claimed to be) an authority on subject S.

Person A makes claim C about subject S.

Therefore, C is true.

The Appeal to Fear is a fallacy with the following pattern:

Y is presented (a claim that is intended to produce fear).

Therefore claim X is true (a claim that is generally, but need not be, related to Y in some manner).

The Relativist Fallacy is committed when a person rejects a claim by asserting that the claim might be true for others but is not for him/her.  This sort of "reasoning" has the following form:

Claim X is presented.

Person A asserts that X may be true for others but is not true for him/her.

Therefore A is justified in rejecting X.
"Do as I say, not as I do."

The Appeal to Emotion is a fallacy with the following structure:

Favorable emotions are associated with X.

Therefore, X is true.

This fallacy is committed when someone manipulates peoples' emotions in order to get them to accept a claim as being true. More formally, this sort of "reasoning" involves the substitution of various means of producing strong emotions in place of evidence for a claim. If the favorable emotions associated with X influence the person to accept X as true because they "feel good about X," then he has fallen prey to the fallacy.

http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/relativist-fallacy.html

  Squealer spreads paranoia among animals “we have reason to think that some of Snowball's secret agents are lurking among us at the moment” (55)

Q9

  Napoleon with medals begins first purge (55)

  pigs killed

  Pigs, hens, goose, sheep give false confessions and are slaughtered

Why?

false confessions, by police coercion, threats, torture

  animals shaken “bloodshed... happening among them” (57)

  after meeting Boxer wants to solve problem by working harder (57)- still loyal                                                                                

  BIG QUESTION  “Why do the animals admit to crimes they haven't committed?

Section on false confessions, false confessions to crimes common phenomena

Convictions based on false confessions in Japan https://californiainnocenceproject.org/2013/01/japan-concerned-over-false-confessions/

■     “Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale”

teach from doc

Question 10

  Boxer- Boxer shakes off dogs, looks to Napoleon, still loyal

  Discuss Clover’s thoughts (pp58-59)

Discuss point

  Clover “this was not what they had aimed at” (58)

  READ PASSAGE pp58-59

compare to pp13-14

  turning point, pivotal moment in story

  the dream is lost, the farm is not theirs

sang “BoE” mournfully, Napoleon banishes song- better society realized

l  animals on knoll overlooking farm “clear spring evening” (58)

  Animal Farm “desirable... place”