Logical fallacies.
Good ways to trick people in an argument,
as used by Squealer:
The Appeal to Authority is a fallacy with the
following form:
Person A is (claimed to be) an authority on subject S.
Person A makes claim C about subject S.
Therefore, C is true.
The Appeal to Fear is a fallacy with the following pattern:
Y is presented (a claim that is intended to produce fear).
Therefore claim X is true (a claim that is generally, but need not be,
related to Y in some manner).
The Relativist Fallacy is committed when a person rejects a claim by
asserting that the claim might be true for others but is not for him/her.
This sort of "reasoning" has the following form:
Claim X is presented.
Person A asserts that X may be true for others but is not true for
him/her.
Therefore A is justified in rejecting X.
The Appeal to Emotion is a fallacy with the following structure:
Favorable emotions are associated with X.
Therefore, X is true.
This fallacy is committed when someone manipulates
peoples' emotions in order to get them to accept a claim as being true. More
formally, this sort of "reasoning" involves the substitution of
various means of producing strong emotions in place of evidence for a claim. If
the favorable emotions associated with X influence the person to accept X as
true because they "feel good about X," then he has fallen prey to the
fallacy.
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