Eng 7/10/11 Review of sentences

104 hours
80 hours

Pare down - no novel, no poetry, four short stories

Light English 10/ Very light English 11

SENTENCES -
subject & predicate
main subject/complete subject
main predicate / complete predicate

SUBJECT matching the VERB

SIMPLE
SV
SVV
SSV

main clause
interrogative (question)
imperative (command)
preposition phrases
"The cat (with the white paws) is/are cute."
"The main problems (surrounding the policies) (of Vancouver City Hall) is/are regarding the affordability of housing."

COMPOUND
SV XXX SV.

FANBOYS Not authentic English
yet for nor Nobody talks like that.

SOBA
so or but and HIGH FREQUENCY- USED ALWAYS

SV , but SV.
"She likes coffee, but hates tea." XXX
"She likes coffee, but she hates tea." COMPOUND
"She likes coffee but hates tea." SIMPLE
"Not only does she like coffee, but also she likes tea." COMPOUND
"She likes not only coffee but also tea." SIMPLE
"She likes coffee and tea." SIMPLE

LEARN NEW STYLES ALL THE TIME- READING, FIGURING OUT

; semicolons
SV ; SV.
SIMPLE ; SIMPLE. = COMPOUND
; TRANSITIONAL TERMS
; however, 
; therefore, 
; also, 
; to tell the truth,
; in fact,
; amazingly,
; on the other hand,
; otherwise,
"Be careful with your phone; otherwise, you might lose it." COMPOUND

SV . Otherwise, SV.
"Be careful with your phone. Otherwise, you might lose it." SIMPLES


COMPLEX
adverb clauses- because when if
"It is a little cooler today because it is cloudy."
"Because it is cloudy, it is a little cooler today."

COMMA USAGE IS VERY PERSONAL- STYLE
"It is a little cooler today, because it is cloudy."
, because 
CONSISTENCY- always do the same style

even if
even though
"We will go to the beach even if it rains."
"We will go to the beach even it rains." XXX

adjective clauses
who that which
"My student who is a nurse works very hard."
"My student, who is a nurse, works very hard."
Non-restrictive clauses/ non-essential clauses
Is it extra information?

***
Betty Azar Understanding and Using English Grammar higher level
***
Style: Ten Lessons in Clarity and Grace

Joseph M. Williams
***

adjective clauses

subject pronouns
object pronouns - delete

"The cat that Mary owns is very cranky."
"The cat Mary owns is very cranky."

noun clauses
feel, think, believe, know, understand, remember, say, 

that what why

"She isn't sure why she can't open the Safari browser on her phone."

SIMPLE
COMPOUND
COMPLEX
COMPOUND-COMPLEX

Sentence combining - best way to improve the sentence writing

Eng7/10/11 Mixing verbs tenses is OK

She couldn't go to the party because her boss is sick. FINE - MIX TENSES
BE CAREFUL

She couldn't go to the party because her boss was sick.

I will not go on vacation because I lost my passport, and I don't have money to get a new one.

PERFECTLY FINE TO MIX THOSE THREE TENSES

She lost her job because she is always late.

She lost her job because she was always late.

Marie got a promotion because she is so hardworking.

Marie got a promotion because she was so hardworking.

Eng7/10/11 Verb tenses

12 verb tenses-  not all are important
reduce the number that we have to focus on
12 8 or 9 most important


SIMPLE PRESENT
Very important. Use every day.

habit, happens all the time, routine, regular, truth, fact
"She drinks half-caff latte with vanilla and goat milk." routine, habit
"I live in South Van." fact, truth
"The sun rises in the morning."
"Don't worry. The sun will rise tomorrow."
"Maria likes maple walnut ice cream."
"Joan is lactose intolerant. She has Rice Dream instead."

SIMPLE PAST
Very important
one event in the past, finished in the past
"Joan watched a movie last night on Netflix."
"I drove to Surrey yesterday afternoon to pick up some motorcycle parts."
"I was drive to Surrey yesterday..." vf

SIMPLE FUTURE
very important
one event in the future
"will"
"am going to"

"will" modal, modal auxiliary

will + simple form, infinitive - "to"

will + to go
I will go.
You will go.
Your grandmother will go.

"I'm gonna go to the party." CASUAL, SPOKEN, NOT FOR FORMAL, ACADEMIC WRITING

SIMPLE PRESENT
I go home at 5.
You go.
Your grandmother goes to the supermarket.

SIMPLE PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE
CHECK MARK!!

PROGRESSIVE/ CONTINUOUS

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
am going
are watching
is driving

"ing" - action right now, sounds active, lively

"The dog is barking."
"The dogs are barking."

"The dog barking." COMMON ERROR
"The dogs is be barking." XXX



PAST PROGRESSIVE
action in the past
"She was watching a movie on Netflix last night when there was a fight outside her apartment."
FOCUS ON ACTION
"She watched a movie on Netflix last night." STATEMENT OF FACT, LESS ENERGY

"Jack made supper last night."
"Jack was playing the piano for his children."
THE ACTION IS IMPORTANT
"I'm loving it." MORE ENERGETIC
"I love it." CALMER

What's the difference?

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
"I will be watching a movie tonight."

"She will be flying to New York tomorrow night."
"Joan will be getting married next July."
ADVICE: "If the action is worth focussing on, use future progressive."


PRESENT PERFECT
Really important, confusing

perfect Latin verb - specific meaning, does not mean "great, ideal"

started in the past, continues until now, not over

"Jen has lived in Vancouver for six years."
"Fred has studied Aikido for ten years."
for ten years - span of time

"Fred has studied Aikido since 2008."
since 2008 - start time

"Fred has studied Aikido since ten years." XXX

"I have learned English since I came to Canada in 2009."


PAST PERFECT
English speakers don't use it normally.

"She had lived in Manila for five years."

Use simple past- put a time indicator
"She lived in Manila for five years."
"She lived in Manila from 1995-2000."

FUTURE PERFECT
Forget it! Not used.
"She will have finished her work by 7 o'clock."
Use simple future. Put a time indicator.
"She will finish her work by 7 o'clock."
"She is going to finish her work by 7 o'clock."
"I will finish making supper by the time you get home." AUTHENTIC, REAL ENGLISH

"I will have finished making supper by the time you get home." XXX TOO MUCH VERB


PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

"Sarah has been living in Vancouver for two months."
"It has been raining for two days."
"It has been raining since Tuesday."

"Sarah has been living in Vancouver for two months."

FOCUS ON THE ACTION

"Sarah has lived in Vancouver for two months."

What's the difference?

"She has been studying German for a month."
MORE ENERGY
"She has studied German for a month."
CALMER

"I have been asking you for two days to clean up your room." FOCUS ON VERB

"You have been travelling all over / around the world."
"Joan and Micheal have been planning their wedding for the last six months."
"Joan and Micheal have been planning their wedding for six months."

"I have been eating lunch at 12 o'clock." STRANGE
"She has been washing her hands before she cooks supper." STRANGE
"She has been washing her hands 50 times a day."


PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
NEVER!

Use past progressive instead

"Maria had been driving to Vancouver from Whistler three times a week."

"Maria was driving to Vancouver from Whistler three times a week." MORE AUTHENTIC

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
"Joan will have been working at the company for 30 years by the time she retires in 2022."

Use future continuous instead.

"Joan will be working at the company for 30 years by the time she retires in 2022." OK

MOST IMPORTANT/MOST USEFUL
SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE FUTURE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Eng 7/10/11 common verb form error

COMMON MISTAKE
"I am easy to play tennis." XXX
TRANSLITERATION?

"It is easy for me to play tennis."
"Tennis is easy for me to play."

"easy to xxx"
"She is easy to bake a cake." XXX

"It is easy for her to bake nice cakes."
"Baking nice cakes is easier for her."

Eng 7/10/11 Parallelism

EASIER EXERCISES
1. The understudy had bright green eyes, a great mass of blonde hair, and her face was red.

adj adj noun
bright red face
florid red face
hot red face
cherry red face

The understudy had bright green eyes, a great mass of blonde hair, and a florid red face.


adjectives modify nouns "a red face"
nouns modify nouns "a school bus"
school bus, school is a noun
book store
computer expert
business woman

nouns can act like adjectives

no s

He is a computer expert.
He is a computers expert. XXX

We went to a shoe store.
We went to a shoes store. XXX

He went camping with his four years old son. XXX
He went camping with his four-year-old son.

- hyphen

This is a five weeks class. XXX
This is a five-week class.

Sarah went on a five hours hike in the woods. XXX

Sarah went on a five hours hike in the woods. 

'five hours' is describing 'hike'
five-hour

Sarah went on a five-hour hike in the woods.

MORE CHALLENGING EXERCISES
1. The English teacher spoke in a nasal tone, unpleasantly, but conveying the information clearly and was funny.

The English teacher spoke unpleasantly in a nasal tone but conveyed the information clearly in a funny way.

2. The coach told his players that they should get plenty of water, to not eat sugary snacks, and being sure that they are getting plenty of sleep.

that they should get plenty of water, noun clause

The coach told his players that they should get plenty of water, should not eat sugary snacks, and should be sure to get plenty of sleep.

The coach told his players that they should get plenty of water, not eat avoid sugary snacks, and be sure to get plenty of sleep.

She has xxx, yyy, and zzz. Oxford comma

She has xxx, yyy and zzz.

I bought apples, oranges. XXX

I bought apples, and oranges. XXX

I bought apples and oranges.

I bought apples, oranges, and kiwis.

I bought apples, oranges and kiwis.

She made peanut butter and jam, ham and cheese, and chicken and tomato sandwiches. A little confusing

She made peanut butter and jam, ham and cheese, and chicken and tomato sandwiches. Clearer choice

MUCH MORE CHALLENGING EXERCISES

4. In order to convey the information correctly to the crowd, the police officer was speaking loudly, he told people where they should be standing, repeating information so they would remember and gesturing.

In order to convey the information correctly to the crowd, the police officer was speaking loudly, telling people where they should be standing, repeating information so they would remember, and gesturing.

EDIT

In order to convey the information correctly to the crowd, the police officer was speaking loudly and telling people where they should be standing. He repeated information and gestured at them so they would remember.

In order to convey the information correctly to the crowd   Avoid beginning sentences with long phrases or clauses. Get to the subject and verb as quickly as possible

The police officer was speaking loudly to the crowd in order to convey the information correctly. He was telling people where they should be standing.

EASIER TO ABSORB

The police officer was speaking loudly to the crowd in order to convey the information correctly; mostly, he was telling people where they should be standing.

Eng 7/10/11 Parallelism

parallelism

parallel- parallel structures in sentences


grammar style

writing style - subtle


       The boys didn't harvest the pheasant because they were naive, kind feelings, and they forgot their equipment.  parallelism problem

they were naive, kind feelings, and they forgot their equipment.

naive (adjective)
kind feelings (adjective and a noun)
they forgot their equipment (independent clause)

The styles of the three points are all different.
same style - parallel

they were naive, kind, and unprepared. parallel
adj, adj, and adj.

they had naive hearts, kind feelings, and empty hands. interesting

they were naive, they had kind feelings, and they forgot their equipment. parallel, overwritten, too much writing for such simple ideas

Practice 1

6. I like to bite into a fresh apple and taste the juicy sweetness.

I like biting into a fresh apple and to taste the juicy sweetness. XXX

I like biting into a fresh apple and tasting the juicy sweetness. HIGH-QUALITY STYLE

Practice 3

1. I admire him for his intelligence, cheerful disposition, and honesty. 

I admire him for his intelligence, cheerfulness, and honesty. OPTION

I admire him for his intelligent mind, cheerful disposition, and honest character. OPTION

3. The boat sailed across the lake smoothly and quiet. 

The boat sailed across the lake smoothly and quietly.

The boat sailed across the lake smooth and quiet.

speaking- casual

The boat sailed across the smooth and quiet lake.

How are you?

I'm doing good. XXX

I'm doing well.

Many visitors enjoy visiting Disneyland and touring movie studios.

7. Children are usually interested in but a little frightened by snakes.

interesting/ interested

boring/ bored

exciting/ excited

fascinating/ fascinated

ed - your emotion

ing- describes the thing itself

The movie was boring.

I was bored.

Math is interesting to me.

I am interested in math.

8. Fainting can result from either a lack of oxygen or a loss of blood. noun preposition noun

9. The students have learned how to write their thesis statements, organize their material, and summarizinge their conclusions.

The students have learned how to write their thesis statements, organize their material, and summarize their conclusions.

11. Not only universities support medical research but also many government agencies.

Not only universities but also many government agencies support medical research. CLEARER

12. Physics explains why water freezes and how the sun produces heat.

18. Walking briskly for 30 minutes or running quickly for 15 minutes ...

Understanding and Using English Grammar, Betty Azar

Eng 7/10/11 Paragraph review

Paragraphs

PROCESS
Prewriting - planning
1. Analyze the topic
2. Generate ideas/ good content "xxx" "xxx" 
3. Organize TIME, SPACE, IMPORTANCE

Writing
4. Write sentences
Grabber (optional)
Topic sentence
Points
Points
Points
Points
Concluding concluding

5. Edit - punc, vt, vf, sp, RO, frag

6 Good copy Advice: Don't waste time rewriting to make it pretty. A good rough copy is ok.

Hopefully, the paragraph is getting easier, better, more structured, more natural.

Paragraph 
Topic Sentence- topic, controlling idea, predictor

1point
subpoint
subpoint
2 point
subpoint
subpoint
3 point
subpoint
subpoint
Concluding Sentence



Essay 250w-400w
Basic model:
five-paragraph essay
3X5 essay
academic essay

essay - (French) "to try", an attempt to explain, describe, tell a story, teach

Introductory paragraph-
Grabber
Thesis Statement - like Topic Sentence- topic , controlling
Predictor

Body paragraphs (3)

1. Topic Sentence
-point
subpoint
-point
subpoint
-point
subpoint
Concluding sentence

2. Topic Sentence
-point
subpoint
-point
subpoint
-point
subpoint
Concluding sentence

3. Topic Sentence
-point
subpoint
-point
subpoint
-point
subpoint
Concluding sentence

Concluding Paragraph
Restate the Thesis Statement
Restate the points
End with a Clincher


Writing an essay - balancing content and repetition

Eng 7/10/11 Modes of writing for essays

modes of writing-

-narrative (personal story that you use to illustrate a point)

-descriptive (appeal to the five senses: smell, sight, hearing, touch, taste)

-process (teach how to do something, or explain how something works)

-persuasive (convince the reader of your opinion, or at least to explain your opinion/position fully, clearly so that the reader might understand)

-compare/contrast (similarities or differences)

Eng 7/10/11 Sentence combining

"Moving Day"

1. We had not been looking forward to the move.
It was the smoothest in memory.

Meaning? contrast

Even though we had not been looking forward to the move, it was the smoothest in memory. COMPLEX- ADV CL

We had not been looking forward to the move; nonetheless, it was the smoothest in memory. COMPOUND

2. We picked up the truck,
The truck was rented.
It was eight o'clock.
We drove to the apartment.

We picked up the rented truck at eight o'clock and drove to the apartment.

After we picked up the rented truck at eight o'clock, we drove to the apartment.


"self-directed, self-monitoring, self-correcting"

other/another singular/plural

Joan has another bicycle in the garage.
Joan has three other bicycles in the garage.


"Frisbee Afternoon"

1. Rob's motion is quick.
His motion is snakelike.
Rob's motion is quick and snakelike. SIMPLE
Rob's quick motion is snakelike. SIMPLE
Rob's motion which is snakelike is quick. COMPLEX - ADJ CL

Rob's motion is quick, even snakelike.
Rob's motion is as quick as a snake.

SIMILES
as ... as a ...
She is as tall as a tree.
Joe is as thin as a dime.
Joe is as sly/cunning as a fox.
Joe is a deaf as a post.
Joe is as blind as a bat.
Joe is as happy as a clam.
Joe is as happy as a pig in shit. FAMILY TALK

2. His underhand, sidearm flick sends the frisbee into flight. SIMPLE

He is underhanded. dishonest

3. It spins clockwise.
It rides a puddle of air.
It spins clockwise and rides a puddle of air.
It spins clockwise, and it rides a puddle of air.
It spins clockwise while it rides a puddle of air.

It spins clockwise while it ridesing a puddle of air.

It spins clockwise while riding a puddle of air.

It spins clockwise, riding puddle of air.
Spinning clockwise, it rides puddle of air.

counter-clockwise

4. It slices through sunlight and shadow, and it glides across a grassy clearing. COMPOUND

It slices through sunlight and shadow as it glides across a grassy clearing. COMPLEX - ADV CL

It slices through sunlight and shadow, gliding across a grassy clearing.

Slicing through sunlight and shadow, it glides across a grassy clearing.

5. Then a breeze catches the disc, making it climb and dip.
Catching the disc, a breeze makes it climb and dip.

6. The Frisbee hovers, following the surface currents.
Hovering, the Frisbee follows the surface currents.

I CAN'T THINK OF ANY PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR RULE. I'M SHOWING A DESCRIPTIVE STYLE.

7. Whirling soundlessly, dropping lower and lower, it settles onto my outstretched index finger.

Whirling soundlessly, it drops lower and lower, settling onto my outstretched index finger.

It whirls soundlessly, dropping lower and lower, settling onto my outstretched index finger.

Not only whirling soundlessly, but also dropping lower and lower, it settles onto my outstretched index finger.

Different ideas. New ideas to think about and try.


"Panic"

3. I felt the panic which was like an enormous crushing wave.
I felt the panic like an enormous crushing wave.

I felt an enormous crushing wave of panic.

panic attack -