Hello everyone.
This is the
intermediate/advanced sentence writing tutorial, week 7 of 8.
We will get started
at 4:45.
You can see all of
the class notes on my blog: haleyshec.blogspot.com
Write it down so you
will have it: haleyshec.blogspot.com
You can check my
blog any time- today, tomorrow or five years from now.
My email is ahaley@vsb.bc.ca
Agenda:
·
Adjective clauses **Last type of clause
Next week - Final week
·
Review
·
Q&A, Question and Answer
·
Wrap-up
REVIEW Sentence types:
* SIMPLE- one main
clause
SV
SSV SVV SSVV
Imperative Interrogative
SVVVVVV- poor
writing
ADVICE: If something
is important and you want to people to remember it, write it in a simple sentence.
-powerful, clear,
direct
* COMPOUND – two
main clauses joined together
1. , FANBOYS , SOBA
2. ; semicolon
3. ; TRANS,
Transitional words
and terms: e.g however therefore also
nevertheless to tell the truth in general
* COMPLEX – one main
clause + one subordinate clause
1. adverb clauses- because when
if since so that
so...that, etc
2. noun
clause- verbs- feel think say know believe / pronouns?- that
why
how
3. adjective clauses
Adjective clauses –
final type of clause to learn
adjective clauses –
more in-depth, more detailed
keep it as simple as
possible to start- start basic and then go deeper
adjectives –
describes a noun
the red hat adjective
the nice red
hat adjective
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES:
opinion, size, age,
shape, colour, material, origin, purpose NOUN
The beautiful
small new round lime-green Martian flying machine is right there. TOO MANY
ADJECTIVES – PICK 2-3
opinion, size, age,
shape, colour, material, origin, purpose NOUN
My grandmother broke
her gorgeous sky-blue English teapot.
Shari loves to
listen to ancient Persian music.
The dog plays with a
big round plastic chew toy.
Yuko collects old
Japanese tea sets.
individual adjectives
– good for simple ideas
more complicated,
in-depth description – use adjective clauses
Three most common
pronouns for adjective clauses: who that which
Other less commonly
used pronouns for adjective clauses: whom, where, whose
whom – rarely used,
very fancy sounding, like a grammar book
Native English
speakers rarely use ‘whom’. We say
‘who’.
MY ADVICE: Forget
about ‘whom’. It is not important.
One exception about
‘whom’. writing to someone, don’t know who will be receiving the letter
GREETING: To whom it
may concern,
Not an everyday
occurence. Pretty rare.
FOCUS ON HIGH
FREQUENCY USAGE: who that which – 97% of the time
who – used for
people, any people, sounds nice, sounds polite and respectful
that- things that
are not alive, animals, people ( sounds a little disrespectful, you don’t that
person)
SUBTLETY IN ENGLISH,
signal your opinion of a person:
The guy that my
sister married is unusual. adjective clause
The man who my
other sister married is awesome. adjective clause
Who is that? Not an
adjective clause, sounds polite
Who is that woman
you were talking to?
That is a beautiful
baby!
Is that your son?
-sounds ok
which- special
things (special to you), unique things
This is a watch that
I bought last week. not special
I really like the
watch which my dad gave me for my 18th birthday. special
wedding ring – which
necklace that your
grandmother gave you – which
toothbrush – that
glasses- that
who- people
My neighbour who
is very elderly does not like my son to play in the backyard.
who is very elderly adj cl SV
elderly(adj) –
elder, senior, aged (Biblical), older, old (doesn’t sound polite), senior
citizen
My dad is getting
older. He is older now. He is 79.
impolite- one foot
in the grave, on his last legs, knocking on Heaven’s door, long in the tooth,
ready to give up the ghost
That old dog is long
in the tooth. very old
long in the tooth
(idiom)- horses teeth grow their whole life, also mice, also beavers
Sometimes people who
are very elderly start to worry about going to heaven. They start going to
church and praying and reading Holy books.
“They are cramming
for the final.”
‘cramming for the
final’ - studying all night before a big test
cram- study hard in
a short period of time
‘cram schools’ –
Japan, school that promote intense studying for a exam
Jun’s sister who
lives in Spain is a nurse.
Jun’s sister that
lives in Spain is a nurse. SOUNDS
STRANGE, Don’t use ‘that’ for a person.
COMMON ERROR:
Jun’s sister who
lives in Spain. sentence fragment, not a complete sentence,
half a sentence
*In a sentence with
an adjective clause, you have to say two things, two SV.
Jun’s sister who
lives in Spain is a nurse. 1
2
The phone that
she bought was not expensive. 1 2
that – animals,
things, people we don’t like or don’t respect
Marta has a dog who
that has cute floppy ears. ‘who’ sounds strange for animals
Shirin got a new
phone that has a seven-inch screen.
I met the guy that
Joanne is seeing now. -sounds like don’t like him
The guy that my
sister married is a bit of a clown.
The guy that my
sister married is a clown.
a bit of a – a
little bit
My friend is a bit
of a drama queen.
drama queen- big
emotions all the time, like an actor, dramatic, big show, like a soap opera
The guy that my
sister married is coming over for a visit. -secret message- don’t like him
much-
The guy who my
sister married is coming over for a visit. – secret message- like him-
The guy who my
sister married is really good fellow.
SOURCE OF CONFUSION
‘that’ is used in noun clauses and adjective clauses, also a pronon
multi-use word,
confusing
Examples
That sandwich
was delicious.
The sandwich that
she made was very tasty.
I think that that
sandwich was scrumptious. noun clause, pronoun
She thinks that
that sandwich that you made was so good that she wants to
have another one. confusing, not good writing, grammar is fine
which – special
things, unique things
special things- You
decide if it is special to you.
I have a silver ring
which my son gave me. a special thing to me
Mei is wearing the
jade necklace which her grandmother gave to her.
Shirin is wearing
the jade necklace that her grandmother gave to her. (sounds like a
regular necklace, not special)
Clara put the
picture which her son painted for her up on the fridge.
unique things- only
one in the world
Beijing, which is
the capital of China, is hosting the 2022 Olympic Winter Games. unique
Marta visited the
Eiffel Tower, which is in Paris.
Marta visited the
Eiffel Tower that is in Paris. XXX
Marta visited the
Eiffel Tower, which is in Paris.
Example from my EF56
students:
1.
His house, which is located in North Vancouver, is very
expensive.
2.
I came to Vancouver, which is the best city to live in
the world.
3.
I would like to visit my grandmother who will turn 100
years old.
4.
My son who is 12 loves to play with lego.
5.
My friend who is very beautiful is a fashion icon.
6.
I do not like crafts which I have to do at work.
7.
Her dog that has a long tail is brown.
8.
I visit my mothe who lives in Ottawa.
9.
I went to the aquarium which is in Stanley park.
10.
I have to visit my best friend who played with me since
I was a seven-year-old.
She is seven years old.
She is a seven-year-old. (noun)
11.
The girl who is wearing the red shirt is my little
sister.
12.
My daughter who is playing the violin decided to study
more music.
13.
I love the ring which my husband gave me on my
birthday.
14.
Joe bought a new laptop that cost $2000.
15.
The girl who is standing in the corner is my classmate.
16.
My friend visited the park which is close to my home.
17.
I have a lot of apples that my mother gave me
yesterday.
18.
My boss who is very polite resigned yesterday.
19.
I went to the aquarium which is in Stanley park.
20.
James wore a fine black tux which his dad gave him.
Adjective clause
Basic level of knowledge
who- people
that- things, animals
which- special things, unique things
Deeper level
commas or no commas
around adjective clauses
-commas – special,
unique, only one- a good time to use commas
SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT
MEANINGS / MESSAGES
A. Dave’s
dog, that has white fur, loves to swim.
B. Dave’s
dog that has white fur loves to swim.
A. Dave’s
dog, that has white fur, loves to swim. Suggests that Dave has one dog.
B. Dave’s
dog that has white fur loves to swim. Suggests that Dave has more than one dog.
* detail, subtle,
not a major problem if you get it wrong
A. My
car that I bought at Richmond Auto Mall is a 2018.
B. My
car, that I bought at Richmond Auto Mall, is a 2018.
GRAMMAR: difference
between main subject and complete subject
main subject
– just one noun, subject of the sentence
complete subject - main noun plus all the modifiers, subject
of the sentence
A. My
car that I bought at Richmond Auto Mall is a 2018.
B. My
car, that I bought at Richmond Auto Mall, is a 2018.
complete subject
My car
that I bought at Richmond Auto Mall is a 2018. suggests 2+ cars
My car,
that I bought at Richmond Auto Mall, is a 2018. suggests 1 car
commas around an
adjective clause means just extra information
Look it up in a grammar
book:
restrictive and
non-restrictive clauses
essential and
non-essential clauses
Examples:
A. Her
son who is nine is very shy. How many sons? 2+
B. Her
son, who is nine, is very shy. How many sons? 1
main subject complete
subject
Her son
who is nine is very shy. How many sons? 2+
Her son,
who is nine, is very shy. How many sons? 1
Mohamed moved to
Vancouver, which is the largest city in BC.
comma or no comma?
How many Vancouvers are there?
which is the largest
city in BC – extra information
Your school, which
is at Fraser and 43th, is holding in-class classes. 1 school
Your school which is
at Fraser and 43th is holding in-class classes. suggests 2+ schools eg. SHEC,
VCC
speaking – commas
are breath marks, take a beat, slight pause
A. My
school, which is at Fraser and 43th, is holding in-class classes.
B. My
school which is at Fraser and 43th is holding in-class classes.
Let’s meet at the
Starbucks. enough information?
Let’s meet at the
Starbucks which is at Georgia and Bute. necessary information, essential clause no comma
Let’s meet at
Scienceworld, which is open right now. not necessary information, just extra
information, non-essential clause
** subtle difference
– has meaning to an English listener
*** If you get it
wrong, it is a small problem.
Shirin’s mother, who
is retired, likes to travel. 1 mother
Shirin’s mother who
is retired likes to travel. 2+ mothers
MORE LIKELY EXAMPLE:
Shirin’s aunt who is
retired likes to travel. 2+ aunts
REVIEW
A. My
sister who lives in Spain volunteers for a dog rescue society.
B. My
sister, who lives in Spain, volunteers for a dog rescue society.
A. How
many sisters do I have? One or more than one? suggest 2+
Subject
is “My sister who lives in Spain”
The
adjective clause is restricting the meaning of ‘sister’.
Grammar
book: restrictive clause, essential clause
B. How
many sisters do I have? One or more than one? 1
Subject
is “My sister”
The
adjective clause is not restricting the meaning of ‘sister’.
Grammar
book: non-restrictive clause, non-essential clause
MORE INFORMATION TO EXPLORE:
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/using-that-and-which-is-all-about-restrictive-and-non-restrictive-clauses/?gclid=CjwKCAjwruSHBhAtEiwA_qCppvmHGTPcCPEl-fiCdNnSoq5n02Ygj0govWwh5Of09op_QWBYrJ5CHxoCh74QAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds
EVEN DEEPER LEVEL:
Two ways to write an adj cl:
I was talking to the woman who is my sister’s friend.
The woman who I was talking to is my sister’s friend.
These adj cl are different from each other.
I was talking to the woman who is my sister’s friend. subject pronoun
The woman who I
was talking to is my sister’s friend.
object pronoun
When you have an object pronoun, you have choice!
The woman who I
was talking to is my sister’s friend.
object pronoun
The woman I was
talking to is my sister’s friend. OMIT the ‘who’
MOST AUTHENTIC SOUNDING- WHAT AN ENGLISH WOULD DO
The woman whom I
was talking to is my sister’s friend.
formal, very unusual English speakers do not bother with ‘whom’.
-sounds fake, pretentious
To whom were you talking? SOUNDS FAKE AND PRETENTIOUS
Who were you talking to? SOUNDS AUTHENTIC
FREE ADVICE #3: Forget about ‘whom’. Nobody uses it.
My sister gave me a watch that has a Mickey Mouse face. subject pronoun
The watch that my sister
gave me has a Mickey Mouse face.
object pronoun
CHOICE!
The watch that my sister
gave me has a Mickey Mouse face.
The watch my sister gave
me has a Mickey Mouse face.
Combine these using adjective clauses. Combine them both
ways: with a subject pronoun and with an object pronoun. Get them in Chat.
1.
Jun built a bench. The bench was wooden.
2.
Sarah got a new phone. The phone was very inexpensive.
3.
May drew a picture. The picture was of an apple.
4.
Canada is a very large country. It has a population of
only 36 million.
YOUR EXAMPLES:
1.
The bench that Jun built was wooden. object
pronoun
The bench Jun built was wooden.
object pronoun
2.
Canada is a very large country that has a population of
only 36 million. subject pronoun
3.
Jun built a bench which is the bench was wooden. XXX
Jun built a bench which is wooden. subj
pron
4.
Jun built a bench that was wooden. subj pron
5.
The bench that was wooden was built by Jun. subj
pron
6.
The bench that Jun built was wooden. obj pron
The bench Jun built was wooden.
7.
Sarah got a new phone which The phone was very XXX
Sarah got a new phone which was very
inexpensive. subj
8.
The picture that May drew was of an
apple. obj
The picture May drew was of an apple.
This is a picture of you in front of the Eiffel
Tower.
The picture that May drew was of
an apple.
The picture was of an apple.
The picture was an apple. awkward, missing prep
Prepositions are very tricky becuase there are no rules for
which prep to use. They are all idiomatic.
9.
Sara got a new phone which is very inexpensive. subj
10.
Jun built a bench that was wooden. subj
11.
Jun built a bench that was wooden. (object
subj pronoun)
The bench that
Jun built was wooden. (object
pronoun)
The bench Jun built was wooden.
(OMIT object pronoun)
12.
The picture that Mary draw was of an apple. obj
The picture Mary draw was of an
apple. OMIT obj
13.
Jun built that wooden bench. SIMPLE
14.
Canada is a very large country that has a population
of only 36 million. subj -lots of
countries
15.
Canada, which has a population of only 36 million,
is a very large country.
REVIEW 14 and 15
Canada is the largest country
which has a population of only 36 million. Meaning?
Canada is one of the largest
countries which has a population of only 36 million. misplaced
modifier
Canada which has a population
of only 36 million is one of the largest countries. right place
The man saw a cat who was
riding a bicyle. in the wrong place- misplaced modifier
The man saw a cat who was
riding a bicyle.
The man who was riding a bicyle
saw a cat. Now it is in the right place.
I gave some coffee to my sister that
was cold and bitter. misplaced modifier
I gave some coffee that was
cold and bitter to my sister.
John bought a table for his
grandmother that has three legs.
John bought a table that has
three legs for his grandmother.
16.
The new phone that Sarah got was very inexpensive. obj
The new phone Sarah got was very
inexpensive. OMIT obj
17.
Canada, which is a very large country, has a population
of only 36 million.
18.
The bench was wooden, Jun built it. XXX
The bench that Jun built was
wooden. COMPLEX- adj cl
Jun built a bench that was wooden.
COMPLEX- adj cl
Jun built a wooden bench. SIMPLE
Jun built a bench, and it was
wooden. COMPOUND
19.
Jun built a bench that was wooden. subj
20.
Sarah got a new phone that was very inexpensive. subj
21.
Jun built a bench that was wooden.
22.
Sarah got a new phone that was very inexpensive.
23.
Jun built a bench that was wooden.
24.
The bench that Jun built was wooden.
25.
Sara got a phone that was very inexpensive.
26.
The phone that Sara got was inexpensive.
The phone Sara
got was inexpensive.
27.
Mary draw a picture of an apple. SIMPLE
28.
The bench that Jun built was wooden.
29.
Sarah got a new phone that was very inexpensive.
30.
Sarah got the phone that was very inexpensive is a new
phone. XXX
Sarah got the phone that was very
inexpensive. It is a new phone.
31.
Sarah got a new phone that was every inexpensive.
My grandmother gave me a ring which I love.
My grandmother gave me a ring I love.
Canada which has a population of only 36 million has
a huge landmass.
Canada which has only 36 million population is a huge
country.
Canada which has a population of 36 million has a
huge landmass.
