EF234 Adjectve clauses- higher and deeper level

who- people
that- people and things
which- things

which- if there only one of those things

My car which is a Hyundai is burgundy (brownish red).

Vancouver which is a nice city is on the ocean.
Vancouver that is a nice city is on the ocean. SOUNDS A BIT STRANGE

I like to live in a city that is near the ocean.

My phone which is two years old still works great.

My car which is three years old still runs well.
COMPLEX-ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
My car is three years old, but it still runs well.

COMPOUND

Her hometown that/which is a small city is in Japan.

Beijing which is the capital of China is a huge megacity.

I will take the bus that runs along 41st Avenue.

Is there only one or are there lots of them? which/that

DETAIL

who- people
I saw a girl who could juggle five plates.
The driver who honked at me was very angry.

Which person is that? QUESTION
She is the woman which that/who owns the business.
who sounds a bit more respectful

Who is the person over there?
Who is the person that is standing by your car?

EF234 Basic adjective clauses

 SIMPLE

The water bottle is on the table and is full of water.

COMPOUND

The water bottle is on the table, and it is full of water.

The water bottle is on the table; also, it is full of water.

COMPLEX

ADVERB CLAUSE

The water bottle is on the table because it is full of water.

NOUN CLAUSE

She said that the water bottle is on the table and is full of water.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

The water bottle which is on the table is full of water.

COMMON ERROR

The water bottle which is on the table and is full of water.

OMIT which or and

The water bottle which is on the table is full of water.

The water bottle is on the table and is full of water.

EF234 Phrasal verbs

https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/phrasal-verbs-list.htm
200 phrasal verbs

https://www.englishclub.com/ref/Phrasal_Verbs/
1000 phrasal verbs

http://www.learn-english-today.com/phrasal-verbs/phrasal-verb-list.htm

EF234 Noun clauses

SIMPLE
COMPOUND ,so or but and ;however,

COMPLEX
adverb clauses- because when if since after whenever until

noun clause- that what

VERBS- think, believe, know, understand, feel, say

He thinks that ...
He thinks that it will rain.
He thinks that he will get the job.
He doesn't think that the ferry will be busy.
He thinks that the ferry won't be busy.

She understands that the class is full.

what
I know what you mean.
I don't know what you mean.

When 'that' 'what'- no simple rule

how
The kids know how they can catch Pokemons.
The kids know how to catch Pokemons. MORE NATURAL

EF234 Noun clauses

think
feel
saya
know
believe
understand

report- low frequency


that, what, why, how, whatever

She said that she would be 10 minutes late. past
She said that she will be 10 minutes late. present

She says that she is driving right now. present

I don't know what you mean.
I know exactly what you mean.

I don't understand why people like Pokemon Go so much.
I understand why people visit Vancouver in the summer.

She knows how to play piano. NOUN
He doesn't know how he can get a good job.
He doesn't know how to get a good job.

Can you tell me how I can get to Metrotown?
Can you tell me how to get to Granville Island?

Can you tell me how I can get to Wreck Beach?
Wreck Beach is close to UBC.
I don't think that I want to go to Wreck Beach.
I think that I am too shy.
I believe that I would feel embarassed.

naturists-

culture

nude beach in Hong Kong?


whatever-
You can choose whatever you want.
You should do whatever you think is best.
You can marry whoever you want.

Whatever you want is OK with me.
Whatever you want that is OK with me.
That is OK with me.


Whatever.- 

Please tell me what you want to do.

EF234 until

until- up to that time
I will wait until you finish work.
future - adverb don't use future tense

She will work until she will earn earns some money for school.
use present tense for adverb clauses when talking about the future
If you will be are free, we will go to a movie.

When you were free, we went to a movie.

EF234 C56 adverb clauses

4. He turned off the TV because the show was boring.
Because the show was boring, he turned off the TV.
Since/ Because the TV show was boring, he turned it off.

5. Although the show was exciting, he turned off the TV.

adjectives-
exciting- the event, the thing
The tennis is exciting.
excited- the emotion, the feeling
She is excited about the tennis.
My children are exciting excited about the play.


interesting interested
The TV show is interesting to us.
We are interested in the TV show.

boring bored
The story is boring.
I am bored.

There are not boring topics, only boring people.

7. Because Tom had no money, Jack gave him ten dollars.
Tom had no money even though Jack gave him ten dollars. ADVERB CL
Tom had no money, so Jack gave him ten dollars. COMPOUND

11.We put on our best clothes after before we went to the party.

After we put on our best clothes, we went to the party.
We put on our best clothes; afterwards, we went to the party.

13. While/After/When/If I look at my mother's photograph, I feel homesick.
I look at my mother's photograph while I feel homesick.
Whenever I look at my mother's photograph, I feel homesick.

12. Although Karen gets a pay cheque, she won't be able to afford groceries.
Until Karen gets a pay cheque, she won't be able to afford groceries.
She Karen won't be able to afford groceries until Karen she gets a pay cheque.
9. If we want to be on time, we must leave right now.

We must leave right now if we want to be on time.

IDIOM in the nick of time- not late, but almost late, very tight

EF234 Three-word modals

be able to- can
I can speak English
I am able to speak English.
My mother is 102 years old, but she is still able to ride a bicycle.
I am able to go to the park. NOT SPECIAL

You are able to speak two languages.
skill
She is able to juggle five plates.


be going to- will
be going to- definite plan?
will- not a definite plan?

I will visit Vienna someday.
I am going to Vienna this month.
I will be in Vienna for three days.

We are going to have a test tomorrow. MORE NATURAL
We will have a test tomorrow.

I will bake a cake for the party. MORE NATURAL 
I am going to bake a cake for the party.

I am baking a cake for the party.

be supposed to- should
You are supposed to drink eight glasses of water every day.
The children are supposed to clean up their rooms.

have got to- must (very strong)
You have got to quit smoking.
You have got to wear your seatbelt.
You must quit smoking.

EF234 Two-word modals

had better- should
You should have a rest.
You had better have a rest.
had better- sounds a but stronger than 'should'
You really should call your sister.

have to-must
You have to move your car, or you will get a ticket.
If you want to learn English, you have to force yourself to use it in your everyday life.
f you want to learn English, you have to use it everyday.

ought to- should, opinion or advice
You ought to move to Calgary because there are lots of jobs there.?

used to- in the past, no longer, not any more
She used to dance in the ballet.
He used to live in Burnaby. Now he lives in Vancouver.
Martha used to do yoga when she was single.
I used to hunt Pokemons, but then I became an adult.
He used to be Pikachu, but now he is Raichu.

He used to live in BC. -in the past
He is used to living in BC. -comfortable with, like it
She is used to working night shifts.

I am used to it. 

EF234 One-word modals

I could pick you up at 3 if you like. possible
I can pick you up. definite
Could you pick me up today if you have time?
He could fix the sink if he has time.
He can fix the sink today.

must- necessary
You must watch your children at the beach.
In Vancouver, you must wear a helmet when you ride a bicycle.
She must get an A in English 12.

The doctor said that he must lose 20 pounds and quit smoking.

must wear must+to wear

must get must + to get

could
Could you help me move these books?
Could you move your car?
I'll move my car in five minutes.
I will park around the back.\

You must go right now.

You must be (adjective).
You must be crazy.
You must be tired.
You must be happy.
You must be joking.
You must be kidding.

may- polite
May I borrow your car?
May I have another cookie?

can-more casual
Can I borrow your car?
Can I have another cookie?

modal + infinitive -'to'
will     + to stay
We will stay in a hotel.
We will stayed in a hotel. NO
We will staying in a hotel. NO
We will be staying in a hotel. OK
We will to be staying in a hotel.

would
if would- giving advice
If I were you, I would ...
If I were you- if I were in your situation
If I were you, I would take it to the garage.

should- giving advice
You should ...
You should be careful with that knife.
You should walk the dog before supper.

EF234 Quiz

1. because bicycle
The little boy was happy because he got a new bicycle for his birthday.

Because the little girl got a new bicycle for her birthday, she was happy .
  
because
if
when
since
after
before
until
although
HARDER
as... as- comparison, the same
She is as tall as her brother is.
He is as smart as a whip.
smart- good brain, hurts a lot
He is as smart as Einstein.
My daughter is smarter than I am.

COMPARISONS- IDIOMS
My grandmother was deaf as a post.
Without my glasses, I am as blind as a bat.
He is as old as the hills.
The baby is as cute as a button.
She is slow as molasses.
She is as sweet as honey.
He is as tough as nails.
She is as stubborn as a mule. It is like talking to the wall. "pig-headed"
He is pig-headed.

as smart as a whip
She is as tall as a tree.
He is as thin as a dime.
sly as a fox
clean as a whistle
cool as a cucumber- very calm, relaxed
as different as chalk and cheese
as easy as pie
as fit as a fiddle
as happy as a clam


than- comparison, diffferent
She is taller than her brother is.

EF234 C-57 adverb clauses

1. While I eat lunch, I like to watch the ducks swim in the pond.
2. They traveled a lot before they had any children.
Before they had any children, they had lots of free time.
3. Whenever it snows, I stay home.
I like to have a snowball fight whenever it snows.
4. Although we left at seven o'clock, we still missed the bus.
We were 10 minutes late for work although we left at seven o'clock.
5. When her dog ran away. she drove around and looked for it.
She looked all over the neighborhood when her dog ran away.
6. I want to be your friend because you are friendly.
Because you are friendly, everybody likes to talk to you.
7. We waited until the store opened.
8. Unless Kate can fix the car, we will have to take our bicycles.
9. He will go out to play as soon as he finishes his homework.
10. She has been very happy since she moved to Alberta.
Since she had moved to Alberta, she has made lots of new friends.

EF234 Practice with 'Becuase'

1. The car wouldn't start because the spark plugs were dirty.
2. My sister called me last night because she was upset.
3. The store was closed because it was after 10.
4. Several people were angry becuase they heard the bad news.
5. The kitchen smelled wonderful because I was cooking butter chicken.
6. They cleaned up the apartment because they were having guests over.
7. My doctor moved to the US because he got a good job there.
8. I want to buy her a gift because it is her birthday tomorrow.
9. The beach was crowded with people because there was a fireworks show.
The beach was crowded with people because it was a hot sunny day yesterday.

EF234 Adverb clauses Exercise 2

as long as
As long as you stay in Vancouver, I will visit you.
I will work for you as long as you pay me.

as long as I live- I will never do it

I will never go skydiving as long as I live.
She will never drink alcohol as long as she lives.

by the time-
By the time you woke up, the plane had already left.
By the time we got to the barbecue, the chicken was already eaten.

While Hanna ate breakfast, she washed the dishes.
STRANGE BEHAVIOUR
After Hanna ate breakfast, she washed the dishes.

EF234 adverb clause words

when- I was watching TV when the phone rang.

while- I was watching TV while you were making supper.

I talked to you while I was waiting for the bus.
She had a headache when she got home.
She had a headache while she was driving home.

before/ after
We had some cake after supper. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE, NOT ADVERB CLAUSE
We had some cake after we had supper. S V

until- up to a time/ stop
I will wait until you call.
She will practice piano today until she learns the song.
I will love you until I find someone better.

than- compare two things
She is taller than I am.
He is more handsome than his brother (is).
Yesterday was hotter than today (is).

because/since
since has two meanings- time, reason
time
Margaret has lived in Vancouver since 1994.
Margaret has lived in Vancouver since she moved here in 1994.

reason
Since it's hot, let's go to the beach.
Because it's hot, let's go to the beach.
I bought a new router since it was on sale.

although/ though/ even though- same meanings
She is working hard although she finds it difficult.
She is working hard though she finds it difficult.
She is working hard even though she finds it difficult.

EF234 adverb clauses

adverbs- modify verbs, often end in ly
He speaks clearly. How?
The child runs quickly. How?
She plays piano very well. How?

adverb clauses- because when if

She wore a hat yesterday because it was sunny. Why?
Because it was sunny yesterday, she wore a hat.

Call me when you get home.
When you get home, call me.

We can go downtown if you want.
If you want, we can go to downtown.
If you want, we can go to home.
If you want, we can go to Burnaby.
If you want, we can go to a restaurant.
If you want, we can go to your sister's downtown.

prepositions are idioms

EF234 Compound Sentence Exercises

1. My puppy stole my wallet, and now he has a new collar.
My puppy stole my wallet, so now he has a new collar. CLOSE CONNECTION

My puppy stole my wallet; therefore, now he has a new collar.

My neighbour borrowed my ladder; therefore, now he is fixing his roof.

My son fried an egg; therefore, now he is having his breakfast.

It is raining, and she has an umbrella.
It is raining, so she has an umbrella.

warm- form *
worm- germ *

3. There was a meteor shower, so the photographer took out his camera.
There was a meteor shower; therefore, so the photographer took out his camera.

meteor- a rock in space

In August, you can see meteor showers at night.

Perseid Meteor shower- Aug 9-13

Small rocks hit the Earth's atmosphere. The air around the earth is the atmosphere. The rocks are moving so quickly that they burn when they hit the atmosphere.


light pollution- street lights, cloud

Northern Lights- Aurora Borealis

Whitehorse, Northern Alberta


She saw a squirrel run in front of her, so she fell down while rollerblading.

She saw a squirrel run in front of her; therefore, so she fell down while rollerblading.

She saw a squirrel run in front of her; consequently, so she fell down while rollerblading.

therefore = consequently

4. I wanted to buy a Groodle puppy, so I started to save my money.

8. You can complain all day long, or you can do your work.

You can complain all day long; instead, you can do your work.

nagging-

12. I was not very hungry, but I ate six cookies.

I was very hungry, so I ate six cookies.

13. I want to speak English in class, but I feel nervous.

I want to speak English in class; still, I feel nervous.

I feel nervous; still, I want to speak English in class.

I feel nervous because the class is too high for me.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

furthermore- and also, in addition

14. I want to start my own company; furthermore, I want to be my own boss.

I want to start my own company; in addition, I want to be my own boss.

moreover- and (most important)

I want to start my own business because I want to make money; moreover, I want to be my own boss.

I want to run my own business. I want to be the boss.

Vancouver has nice parks and beaches; moreover, it has the beautiful Northshore mountains.

17. I want to ride a pony, so I want to visit a farm.

stilts- stilt walking

pony

Bonnie

18. I didn't do my homework, so I feel like I let myself down.

19. I have never visited Korea, nor I have have I visited Japan.

I have never visited Korea, and I have never visited Japan.

16. Bears do not make good pets, for they wreck your house and eat all of your honey.

Bears wreck your house and eat all of your honey, so they do not make good pets.

normally = usually

She did some yoga this morning; normally, she does yoga every day.

EF234 C-51

6. Jack needs a new jacket, for he lost his leather one. LOW FREQUENCY

Jack needs a new jacket because he lost his leather one. COMPLEX SENTENCE- ADVERB CLAUSE

Jack lost his leather one jacket, so he needs a new jacket one.

Jack lost his leather jacket; therefore, he needs a new one.

I don't want to go to the Night Market; instead, I want to go to a movie.
Let's not take the car; instead, let's ride our bicycles.


8. We have to leave in 10 minutes; otherwise, I will be late for my appointment.
We have to leave in 10 minutes, or I will be late for my appointment.

IF- adverb clauses
If we don't leave in 10 minutes, I will be late for my appointment.

You should speak English, or you will not learn it.


SIMPLE SENTENCES *
COMPOUND SENTENCES *
COMPLEX SENTENCES

EF234 Compound sentences

1. Jim cut the grass, and Ed weeded the garden.
Jim cut the grass, but Ed weeded the garden. ??
Jim cut the grass, so Ed weeded the garden.
Jim cut the grass; also, Ed weeded the garden.
Jim cut the grass; then, Ed weeded the garden.

2. I was very tired last night, so I went to bed early.
I was very tired last night; therefore, I went to bed early.

,so OR ;therefore, WHICH ONE DO YOU LIKE MORE?

4. The sun is shining, but it is still cold.

The sun is shining; however, it is still cold.

EF234 compound sentence practice

1. festival
I like music festivals, but my family doesn't.
He goes to the Vancouver Folk Festival at Jericho Beach, but he didn't go to the Vancouver Jazz Festival two weeks ago.

2. Some people like cats, and some people like dogs.
Some people have allergies, and some people don't.

3. Joan's business is very successful, so she will open up a new store.
We want to build a business, but we do not have enough credit with the bank.
We need start-up money. We have to get investors.

4. breakfast
She has eggs and yogurt for breakfast, but he has a coffee and a cigarette.

The kids make their own breakfast, and they make a big mess in the kitchen.

5. horse
Horses are beautiful animals, but I am nervous around them.

6. sports
My son likes all sports, but he doesn't like swimming.
My son likes sports like hockey and cricket, but my daughter likes dancing.

COMPOUND SENTENCES- SV, SOBA SV

subject verb ,soba subject verb
The cat sleeps on the bed, and the person sleeps on the floor.


; semicolon

1. festival
I like music festivals, but my family doesn't.
I like music festivals; however, my family doesn't.
He goes to the Vancouver Folk Festival at Jericho Beach; however, he didn't go to the Vancouver Jazz Festival two weeks ago.

2. Some people like cats, also, some people like dogs. NO GOOD
Some people like cats; also, some people like dogs. GOOD

; semicolon

Some people have allergies; also, some people don't.

3. Joan's business is very successful; therefore, she will open up a new store.
We want to build a business; however, we do not have enough credit with the bank.
We need start-up money, so we have to get investors.
We need start-up money; therefore, we have to get investors.
4. breakfast
She has eggs and yogurt for breakfast; however, he has a coffee and a cigarette.

; , . ? ! punctuation
Exclamation point!
You're welcome! sounds loud, sounds excited
high emotion-
Watch out!
There's a bear!
A ghost!
Look at that!
Goal!
Hi. Hi!
Wow! What a beautiful place.

Don't overuse the !

Hi!!!!!! Bad writing.

The kids make their own breakfast; also, they make a big mess in the kitchen.

5. horse
Horses are beautiful animals; however, I am nervous around them.

6. sports
My son likes all sports; however, he doesn't like swimming.
My son likes sports like hockey and cricket, but my daughter likes dancing.

EF234 Compound sentences

Compound sentences

SV XXX SV

FANBOYS   SOBA

for
She is carrying an umbrella, for it is raining.
UNCOMMON USAGE
She is carrying an umbrella because it is raining.
COMPLEX- adverb clause

nor
He didn't have any tea, nor did he have any coffee.
GRAMMAR OF A QUESTION- NOT A QUESTION

She has never visited Edmonton, nor has she visited Calgary.

has she visited Calgary
Has she visited Calgary?
SAME GRAMMAR

I didn't call your mother, nor did I call your father.
HAS TO BE NEGATIVE
I called your mother, nor did I call your father. XXX DOESN'T MAKE SENSE

"How to Write a Compound Sentence" Task 2
1. I haven't been to Mexico, nor have I been to Spain.
2. I don't like spaghetti, nor do I like lasagna.
3.I don't drink coffee, nor do I drink tea.


yet
'yet', fancy way of saying 'but'
It is cold, yet we are still having our barbecue.
It is cold, but we are still having our barbecue.

Not yet. -different usage


SOBA- most common, high frequency

EF234 Simple sentence Ex 27, 28

Ex27
7. The old man sits in the park and feeds the pigeons.
The little kids run around, yell, and jump.

9. there here- not a subject
There are my friends. 'friends' is the subject
There is my friend.

There is my school.
Here are my keys.

There are the pizzas and drinks for everyone.

Here are your new earrings.
Here is your new necklace.

10. Your mother washes the dishes and sings in the kitchen.
S VV prep phrase
We are studying and learning English in our classroom.

Ronaldo ran and kicked the ball into the net. SIMPLE SENTENCE
S + V He has a new bicycle.
SS + V Joe and Mary like to run.
S + VV Mary runs and rollerblades everyday.

Ronaldo ran, and he kicked the ball into the net. 
COMPOUND SENTENCE
SV SV


Ex28
school-simple subject, compound predicate
I go to school everyday and study. YES

We usually drive and or take the bus to school.

School is place for learning and has many classes.



Write a simple sentence for each word:
1.dog The dog is nice.
The little dog is running around the park.
The little dog is running and chasing the ball.

2.cat The cat is nice.
The cat sleeps 18 hours a day.

3.fish The fish is nice.
He cooked a fish on the barbecue.
The little kid caught a fish.
...
10.mouse The mouse is not nice.
I saw a mouse.
The mouse ran down the hall and caught the cat.

EF234 Simple Sentence Ex27

1. My son likes to play hockey.
My son likes hockey.
I make a dish.
My son is a mechanic.
2. She walks and runs in the park.
I cook and eat noodles.
She likes bike riding but hates skating.
3. My sister and I go to school.
Joe and Ray went to a party yesterday.
4. Do you like coffee?
Are you married?
Is your sister married?

preposition- in, on, to, for, with, at, before, after, up, down
5. My sister lives in Vancouver.
She lives on Fraser Street.
We study in this classroom.
The cat sleeps on the sofa.
The dog looks for food.
The dog looks at you.
6. Here are the water bottle and the cell phone.
Here are the keys.

Here is your pen.

EF234 Simple sentence exercises

simple sentence- subject + verb

Her name is Amy.

She lives in Paris.

Put a capital letter at the beginner.
End the sentence with a period of a question mark.


Subject and Predicate
subject- the main noun in a sentence- person, place, thing, idea

person- Amy is my sister.
place- Burnaby is next to Vancouver.
thing- His glasses are broken.
idea- Education is very important.

3. Queen Elizabeth Park is a beautiful city park.
Golden Ears Park is a beautiful provincial park.
Banff is a beautiful national park.
Lake Louise is in a national park.
Our friends took to the ferry to Nanaimo.
SFU was named after Simon Fraser.
The Fraser River was named after Simon Fraser.
Fraser Street was named after Simon Fraser.
He was an early explorer in BC.

Apple trees grow in BC.
Blueberries grow in BC.
Peaches and grapes grow in BC.
Grapes grow on vines.
There are many vineyards and wineries in the Okanagan.

Salmon swim in Georgia Strait.
Orca swim in Georgia Strait.
Wendy's makes the best hamburgers in town.
White Spot makes the best hamburgers in town.

Earnest makes the best ice cream in town.

Bean Around the World makes the best coffee in town. It is on Main and 22nd.
Cheesecake, etc makes the best cheesecake in town.
Starbucks' coffee is overroasted and greasy.

EF234 Canada Day questions

1. Canada Day is on July 1st.
Canada Day is celebrated on July 1st.
July 1st is Canada Day.
The first of July is  Canada Day.

Today is the 5th of July.
Today is July 5th.

Canada Day is the first day of July.

2. Dominion Day was Canada's birthday before 1982.
Canada Day was called Dominion Day before 1982.
Canada Day used to be called Dominion Day.

"used to" habit or regular activity in the past


She used to practice yoga.
I used to live in Toronto. Now I live in Burnaby.

The first four provinces in Canada were Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec.

Most Canadians live within 160km from the border.
Most Canadians live close to the Canada/US border.

The 2010 Winter Olympics took place in Vancouver.
The 2010 Winter Olympics happened in Vancouver.

figure skating
snowboarding
skiing
cross-country skiing
bobsled

Canadians typically dress in red and white.

Canadians usually dress in red and white.

Ottawa is the capital of Canada.

The Snowbirds are a group of jet airplanes. They fly together in shapes. The pilots are very talented.

In 1980, "O Canada" became the national anthem.

national- whole country

anthem- song

"in all thy sons' command"

 

"thy son's command" meaning??

The Queen is a figurehead.