COMPLEX- adverb clause, adjective clauses, noun clause
ADVERB CLAUSES
because
if
when
The kids stood looking at each other because they didn't know what to do. COMPLEX adverb clause
The kids stood looking at each other because they didn't know what to do.
Because the kids didn't know what to do, they stood looking at each other. ALTERNATIVE WAY
SOME TEACHERS SAY, "DON'T START A SENTENCE WITH 'because'.
Because the kids didn't know what to do. NOT A SENTENCE. SENTENCE FRAGMENT, FRAG
Why are you here?
Because I want to study math. NO GOOD, NOT A COMPLETE SENTENCE
I am here because I want to study math.
Because I want to study math, I am here. UNUSUAL
Because I need to graduate by June, I have to take three courses per term. NATURAL
Because I need to graduate by June. FRAG, SPOKEN OK
if- maybe yes, maybe no
She won't go for a run if it rains tomorrow. NO COMMA
If it rains tomorrow, she won't go for a run. COMMA
Remember the comma. People forget.
when- time
When the boys saw the pheasants, they didn't know what to do.
The boys didn't know what to do when they saw the pheasants.
TWO WAYS- COMMA OR NO COMMA
Basic ones- because, if, when
Very useful, daily words
although, though, even though = same meaning
"lest"- very special usage, VERY LOW FREQUENCY
Lest we forget. Nov 11, Remembrance Day
"as if" He spends money as if he were a millionaire.
She acts as if she were the queen. She has her nose in the air.
LOW FREQUENCY
"even if" B doesn't affect A
A Maria will go to your party even if B you don't invite her.
"if" B affects A
A Maria will go to your party if B you invite her.
If it rains, Sarah won't go for a run. CONDITION
Even if it rains, Sarah will go for a run.
Even if it's difficult, I won't give up on my dreams.
"since" Two meanings- because, time
He is wearing a big hat since/because it's so sunny today.
Janice has lived in Burnaby since 1999.
Janice has lived in Burnaby since she was born.
VERB TENSE
She acts as if shewas is were a queen.
She acts as if she were a queen.
'were' NOT PAST TENSE, subjunctive mood
dreaming, imagining
"If I were you, I would get a new job." GIVE ADVICE
"If I were married to Gong Li, I would be happy."
"If John were younger, he would become a professional baseball player."
"If John was younger, he would become a professional baseball player." WRONG, BUT VERY SMALL MISTAKE
She acts as if she
She acts as if she were a queen.
'were' NOT PAST TENSE, subjunctive mood
dreaming, imagining
"If I were you, I would get a new job." GIVE ADVICE
"If I were married to Gong Li, I would be happy."
"If John were younger, he would become a professional baseball player."
"If John was younger, he would become a professional baseball player." WRONG, BUT VERY SMALL MISTAKE
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