EXPECTATIONS
FOR SENTENCE WRITING FOR E10
Sentences-
variety, styles, types
clause=subject
and a verb
two
kinds of clauses -main clause (independent
clause)
-subordinate
clause (dependent clause)
**simple
sentence- independent clause, main clause
subject+verb
“He is reading the newspaper.”
ss+v “Jan and John are playing football.”
s+vv
ss+vv “Mark and Tom ate pizza and watched
the game.”
s+vvv
sss+v
**compound-
two independent clauses, two main clauses
svsv
coordinating
conjunctions , FANBOYS= for
and nor but or yet so
“I am wearing a sweater, for
it is cold.”
“She likes dogs, yet but
I like cats.”
LOW FREQUENCY
, SOBA=so or buy
and
“It is cold, so I am wearing
a sweater.”
HIGH FREQUENCY
;
semicolon SAME AS , SOBA , FANBOYS
“I
am wearing a sweater; it is cold.”
“It
is cold; I am wearing a sweater.”
“It
is cold; therefore, I am wearing a sweater.”
;
semicolon LOW FREQUENCY
“It
is cold. Therefore, I am wearing a
sweater.”
HIGH FREQUENCY
“Transitional Terms”
**complex
sentences- main clause+subordinate clause
independent
clause+ dependent clause
subordinate
clauses
**adverb
clauses because if when
I am wearing a sweater (because it is cold). Why?
(If
you want), you can go swimming. Situation?
The
kids do their homework after they have supper.
KEY
time -
when, while, whenever, before, after, until
place -
where, wherever
degree -
than, as ____ as _______
reason,
purpose or cause - because, since
condition -
if, unless
concession -
although, even though, though
**adjective
clauses- that, who, which
adjective describes a noun
“a big green coat”
“the expensive leather chair”
“the angry dog”
The
expensive leather chair (that was
on sale) is nice.
My
big green coat (that has the fur hood) is very beautiful.
The
angry dog (that was barking at me)
is scary.
that=subject
pronoun
The
expensive leather chair (that I
bought) is nice.
My
big green coat (that my sister
gave me) is very beautiful.
The
angry dog (that I saw) was scary.
that=object
pronoun, can be omitted AUTHENTIC
who
My
sister (who is a nurse) plays
volleyball.
My
sister (whom I was talking to) plays volleyball.
who/whom?
whom
When? object pronoun
REAL ANSWER (SECRET) Never.
“To
whom it may concern,”
noun
clauses
feel,
think, know, believe, say
that
“I think (that it will rain today).”
“She felt that he was lying.”
“He knows that he has to work harder.”
“Jon believes that he will do well in
the race.”
Very
useful verb forms
verb tenses
“I am be live in Vancouver.” X
“He watching TV.” X
verb tense present past future
simple YES YES YES
progressive YES YES YES
perfect YES NO NO
perfect prog YES NO NO
***modals
Modal Meaning Example
can to
express ability I can speak English very well.
can to
request permission Can I go to Foundations 4?
could to express ability I could help you tomorrow.
could to express possibility She could be an Olympian.
may to
express possibility I may be late for class.
may to
request permission May I take the test again, please?
might to express possibility She might call you later.
must to
express obligation I must leave at 4 o’clock.
must to express strong belief You must be kidding!
should to give advice You
should go to the doctor.
will to show future I will not drive my car
today.
would to request or offer Would
you prefer a tea or coffee?
would in if-sentences If I
were you, I would complain.
LOWER FREQUENCY
had better- should
have to- must
have got to- must
need to- must
ought to- should
used to “He used to play football.
be able to- can
be going to- will
be supposed to- should
**phrasal
verbs
prepositions-
~75, idiomatic, meaning is in the culture
not the
dictionary
talk
“to”
http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/phrasal-verbs-list.htm
http://www.learn-english-today.com/phrasal-verbs/phrasal-verb-list.htm
