Eng 12 Presentation 1 "Boys and Girls"

***

Presentation 1

Imagine a dialogue between two of the characters in “Boys and Girls”

Establish a setting (time, place) for the dialogue.

Write a dialogue between the two characters. The dialogue will be at least 10 lines.

Address one or more key themes in the story using the dialogue. Use the dialogue to illustrate the key themes in the story.

Value 10 points:

4 pts for the writing

4 pts for the group work

2pts for the presentation

Work in groups of two.

1. Find a new partner.

2. Establish a setting/ establish characters.

3. Put the dialogue together.

***

English 12 "Boys and Girls" lecture notes

Stereotypical adjectives to describe boys, stereotypical adjectives to describe girls

blue pink

gender stereotypes

Small group talk

“BoysandGirlsDiscQues” LCD

Read story twice

– once for the basics, armchair reading

- setting

- characters, major , minor

- plot

- conflicts – resolved, unresolved

-second reading, desk with a pencil

- focus on a deeper level

- symbols

- turns of phrases

- quotable words, phrases

- repeated ideas, words, phrases

- Lead to an understanding of theme

Theme – deeper message, deeper meaning, main idea

What is the story trying to tell us?

What is the story teaching us about ourselves/ society/humanity?

Storytelling teaches us about ourselves. Storytelling is teaching.

·       Notes: http://www.r-go.ca/boys_girls_munro.htm

NOTES

Understanding the story through close reading and symbols

- pay attention

- trust the author

- find something of value

First thing – Start with the Title

“Boys and Girls” words have meanings

-contrast between farm and calendar, wild and free, not free, domesticated, tame, civilized

-safe inside/ outside “We had rules to keep us safe...” (1)

“our narrow life rafts” (2)

“Jingle Bells”, childish “Danny Boy”, more mature

“my own voice... frail and supplicating”

“opportunities for courage, boldness...” READ EXAMPLES

“I had only been on a horse... I was really learning to shoot..”

“the foxes inhabited a world my father made for them... high guard fence”

“my father was tirelessly inventive” (2)

father a symbol for patriarchy

“That was my job in summer... Laird came too...  I had the real bucket” (2)

“The foxes all had names...” “were added to the breeding stock”

MEANING? REP Foxes “eyes burning, clear gold... malevolent faces... pure hostility, and their golden eyes.”

Male gaze- always watched, evaluated, judged, threatened

MEANING OF FOXES? beautiful but powerless, functional but doomed, named

Foxes raised to be beautiful, like girls

“slippery bodies” like babies, function of girl after marriage

both taken care of but captive, raised for a purpose (1)

Father doesn’t talk with daughter, like doesn’t talk to mother

yet “I worked willingly under his eyes, and with a feeling of pride.” (3)

***“’Like to have you meet my new hired man...  I thought it was only a girl’”

“my mother... did not often come out of the house... She looked out of place” (3)

examples of mother’s work

“In the kitchen... I was given jobs to do”

“As soon as I was done...what she wanted me to do next.”

CC narrator’s feelings “It seemed to me that work in the house... work done out of doors...ritualistically important” (4)

“Wait till Laird gets a little bigger... real help.” (4)

Laird – lord, owner of a property, landlord

Laird- Lord of the house, free to do as he pleases, inheritor of father’s place in the family

Narrator girl name? Not given

“I was pleased with the way... real work”

“use her more in the house” (4)

“regretful way of talking about me.. not like I had a girl in the family at all” (4)

“She was always plotting.”

“It did not occur to me that she could be lonely, or jealous.”

“Who could imagine Laird doing all of my work.”

IRONY “It showed how little my mother knew about the way things really were.” (4)

IMPORTANT? foxes ate horsemeat

“Flora..speed... high-stepping... air of gallantry and abandon” (5)

READ TWO PARAGRAPHS “This winter also I began... I kept myself free.” (5)

“girl” has meaning, very different from “child”

“it was what I had to become.” (5)

“gonna show you” Show her what?

“Flora... reared at the fences” (5)

HORSE IDENTIFIED WITH GIRL’S DESIRE FOR FREEDOM FROM CONSTRAINT

“There was a great feeling of opening-out, of release.”

Springtime – new birth, new awakening, new life

SHOT MACK THE HORSE

HEADING TO CLIMAX OF STORY

“combing my hair and wondering if I would be pretty... the whole scene flashed...” (7)

Is this cultural or biological?

“I  was a little ashamed... a new wariness... in my attitude to my father and his work.” ()

“[Flora] was running free in the barnyard” LIKE THE GIRL

“an unbroken ranch horse”

“’Go shut the gate!’”

“I opened it as wide as I could.” (8)

“got the knives and guns they used... they took [Laird] too” (8)

“Flora would not really get away... no wild country for her to run”

READ “Lately I has been trying... the real excitement of the story was lost.” (8)

“What did you do that for? (9)

crying

“’Never mind’... Words that absolved and dismissed me for good. ‘She’s only a girl.”

“Maybe it was true.”

feminism- women’s rights, equality, not to be defined by gender, sex, same rights as men

EF5/6 Trial in the Bank Saloon questions

1. 1898, January 15, winter
Yukon Territory, Dawson City, saloon (bar)

The Gold Rush- 

2. characters
major characters - narrator: Constable Brian Bonner, North West Mounted Police
- Hannah Young: acting as a lawyer, defense counsel
- Rollo Moon: murderer
- Mike Lynch: victim

minor characters
- Inspector Constantine: high level police, acting as the judge
- Captain Scarth: mid level police
- "Silent" Sam Bonniface: saloon owner

EF5/6 Literary Terms

fiction - short story (2-10 pages), novel (hundreds of pages)

movie, play (theatre)

non-fiction - true stories - history, science, biography, autobiography, self-help, psychology, sports, fashion, music, travel, cooking

literary terms - fiction

1. setting - time, place, culture, psychology, religion, economics
What is the setting of this story? Why is it set here and at this time?

2. character - 

Fables -stories that have animals as characters, fables teach a simple lesson, children's stories
Aesop - writer
"The Sun and the Wind"
"The Tortoise and the Hare" turtle, rabbit
Moral: Slow and steady wins the race.

Wall-e

Lord of the Rings - tree characters Ents

zombies

protagonist - pro, good, positive
progress, professional, profit, protest

antagonist - anti, against, negative
antonym, anti-vaxxer (anti vaccine), anti-nuke, antibiotic, antibodies,

synonym

EF5/6 adverb clauses

provided that - if, serious things

You can go to UBC provided that you have good marks.
You can get some coffee provided that if you have time.
Provided that you have good marks, you can go to UBC.

unless
We will go on a picnic unless it rains.
We will go on a picnic if it is sunny.

Let's go to a movie if you are free.
Let's go to a movie unless you are busy.

You can graduate from high school unless you give up.
You can graduate from high school if you persevere.

persevere - keep working

as - because, since
We stayed home as it was raining.

as ... as
as tall as
Joe is as tall as his sister.
Vancouver is not as expensive as New York.
I am not as fast as you are.
She can't learn English as quickly as her children do.
as XXX as

as soon as
Call me as soon as you get home.
I'll get her to call you as soon as she gets home.

We can talk as long as you like.

although/ though/ even though
We went to the park even though it was raining.
We still went.
She finished her course although it was difficult.
She still did it!

I'll make supper for the kids even though I have to run.

She drove last week even though it was snowing.

as if / as though
He talks to his colleagues/coworkers as though he were the boss.
The little boy was crying as if his leg was broken.

so...that
It is so cold that we have to wear our winter coats.
We have to wear our winter coats because it is very cold.
The dumplings were so delicious that we ate 100 of them.
I was so tired this morning that I had three cups of coffee.

so that

Eng 5/6 Paragraphs

Important - Answer the question that is asked.

Was Viola Desmond or Rosa Parks right to protest the way she did?

Steps to writing a good answer:
1. Read the question. Read the question five times. Read every word.
2. Decide how you are going to do address the question. What do you want to write about it the question?
3. Plan a few ideas, a few points. 3-4 should be enough.
4. Topic sentence. Topic and the controlling idea.
The topic sentence has to refer to the question.

Was Viola Desmond or Rosa Parks right to protest the way she did?

Topic sentence: Yes. She did the right thing.

Mirroring vocab in the question:

Rosa Parks did the right thing when she protested against the bus driver.

In my opinion, Rosa Parks did the right thing when she protested against discrimination and segregation.

Rosa Parks did the right thing when she protested against the discrimination that came with segregation policies/law in her city.

Rosa Parks did the right thing when she protested against the discriminatory rules for the buses in her city.

Rosa Parks did an admirable thing when she challenged the bus driver about racist/ unfair/ one-sided/ unreasonable bus rules in her city.

Rosa Parks was a brave woman. off-topic
I admire Rosa Parks.
Everyone in the world is equal.

Be direct. Say what you mean.

Cultural differences- 

Eng 12 Using quoted material

nice expression, turn of phrase, important words

"     "

"     "

TOO LONG:
Quote an entire sentence.
2-3 lines long
Copying is nothing.

select a few key words, quote those
2-3 words in a quotation

Incorporate the words into our sentence.

Our sentence  
the quoted material is just proof, evidence that our idea is a good one

Less is more. 2-3 words is great. A whole sentence is not good.

Paragraph 1 - calendar
The calendar is symbolic of the wild in a domestic setting. "Against a background of cold blue sky and black pine forests and treacherous northern rivers"
XXX

Incorporate the quoted material into our sentence.

The calendar is symbolic of the wild in the domestic setting of the farm. 

"Against a background of cold blue sky and black pine forests and treacherous northern rivers" 

The photograph of "treacherous northern rivers"in the calendar is symbolic of the wild in the domestic setting of the farm. 


The photograph of "cold blue sky and black pine forests and treacherous northern rivers" (1) in the calendar is symbolic of the wild in the domestic setting of the farm. TOO LONG

Pick the best words, the best phrases for quoting.

The domestic farm house contrasts with the "heroic calendars" (1) that hang in the basement.

Proof, evidence that your point is valid.
Support-

Quoting references, evidence, citation is the basis of all academic writing.

Pick 2-3 words, 3-4 words and incorporate them.

Challenge is that the sentence must be grammatical. Fit the quoted words into your sentence.


The story "Boys and Girls" contrasts the world of nature "heroic calendars" (1) with the domesticated world. XXX Not a sentence

The story "Boys and Girls" by Alice Munro contrasts the world of nature as symbolized by the "heroic calendars" (1) with the domesticated world as symbolized by the farmhouse. --Now it's a sentence

Practice 1:
Incorporate a two-word phrase into a sentence of your own.

Next step [ ] square brackets
change words to be grammatical

The smell of the fox farm "penetrated all parts of the house" (1) when the father is skinning the foxes. 

Verb tense

The smell of the fox farm "penetrated all parts of the house" (1) when the father was skinning the foxes.

The smell of the fox farm "penetrate[s] all parts of the house" (1) when the father is skinning the foxes. 


[ ] shows that a change has been made, just for grammar

The narrator and her brother would watch their "father removed the pelt" (1) from the fox. XXX

The narrator and her brother would watch as their "father removed the pelt" (1) from the fox.

The narrator and her brother would watch their "father remov[ing] the pelt" (1) from the fox.

The narrator and her brother would watch while their "father removed the pelt" (1) from the fox.

[ ] changes a word, but only so the grammar will work

Trump said "She is not really a Native American."
Trump said "[Warren] is not really a Native American."

[ ] usually verb tense or word form

... ellipsis

...... NOT ENGLISH!!

...... , etc  , and so on.

I like cats, dogs, fish ...... NOT ENGLISH


... ellipsis Shows that words have been removed

"the strong primitive odor of the fox itself, penetrated all parts of the house" (1)


"the strong primitive odor of the fox"

"the strong primitive odor"

The house was filled with the foxes' "strong primitive odor" (1) when the father was pelting them.

The narrator's house was filled with the foxes' "strong ... odor" (1) when the father was pelting them.

STILL GRAMMATICAL

"In fact she disliked the whole pelting operation - that was what the killing, skinning, and preparation of the furs was called." (1)

"she disliked the" "preparation of the furs"

Mother "disliked the...preparation of the furs" in her house because she didn't like the smell.

... words have been removed

Practice 2 
Incorporate a few words into your sentence using 
[ ] and/or ... .


The girl's father "raised silver foxes... [and] killed them" (1) for their fur.

Eng 12 Topic sentences and Grabbers

Sometime the first sentence of your writing- Topic Sentence/Thesis Statement
TS - Topic, controlling idea


Grabbers - the first sentence of your writing
1. General to specific - Funnel
2. Anecdote
3. Fact or statistic
4. Historical
5. Question?
6. Adage, saying, expression
7. Quotation from a person

EF5/6 Paragraph to pass in

Paragraph

Topic sentence
- detail sentences
- explanation
- evidence
- support
|Concluding sentence

6-8 sentences

   Was Viola Desmond or Rosa Parks right to protest the way she did? Talk about one of them or both of them."

EF5/6 Adverb clauses

adverb clauses - because, if , when, since

Joy is a good teacher because she loves talking with people.

Joy is a good teacher - main clause

because she loves talking with people - subordinate clause- adverb clause

Joy is a good teacher because she loves talking with people.

Joy is a good teacher. She loves talking with people.

Joy is a good teacher because she loves talking with people. COMPLEX SENTENCE

Because she Joy loves talking with people, Joy she is a good teacher. 

We are going to a party because it is Sarah's birthday.
Because it is Sarah's birthday, we are going to a party.

We are going to a party, because it is Sarah's birthday. NOT THE STYLE I TEACH
We are going to a party because it is Sarah's birthday. THIS MY STYLE

if - maybe yes, maybe no, conditional

We will go to Sarah's birthday party if she invites us.
If she Sarah invites us, we will go to Sarah's her birthday party. If Sarah invites us, we will go to her birthday party.

Easier than adjective clauses

when - time
Michelle had supper when she got home.
When Michelle got home, she had supper.

S+V for a clause.

after, before - time
The kids did their homework after supper. SIMPLE
The kids did their homework after S V supper.
The kids did their homework after they had supper. COMPLEX SENTENCE- ADVERB CLAUSES
After the kids had supper, they did their homework.

These are sentence styles that we use every day. 

since, ever since
since - time, because
Maria has worked at Costco since she moved to Vancouver. TIME
Maria works at Costco only part-time since she is a student. because, REASON

ever since - TIME, LONG TIME
Sarah has been waiting for the bus ever since she got to the bus stop at 10:45. COMPLEX- ADV CL

Sarah has been waiting for the bus since she got to the bus stop at 10:45. TIME

Joan has been waiting for her citizenship ever since she applied in 2016. LONG TIME

Joan has been waiting for her citizenship since she applied in December.

UNTIL - waiting for something
I will wait until you finish work.

til - casual, good for speaking

Sarah will keep saving money until she has enough to buy a guitar. SOUNDS NATURAL

Until Sarah has enough to buy a guitar, she will keep saving money. DOESN'T SOUND NATURAL

when/ whenever - every time
The baby cries whenever she is hungry.
My dog runs to look out the window whenever someone opens the gate. URGENT

I am going to run to get some milk. URGENT

when / while - longer time
I dropped a glass when I was putting away the dishes.
She was listening to music while she was cooking supper. 'while' LONGER TIME

Call me when you are free.
You go to school while your kids are in school.

She called her mom when she got home.

She was talking on the phone to her mom while she was taking the bus to work.

even if 
Michelle will go to Sarah's party if Sarah invites her.
                        A                                         B
Michelle will go to Sarah's party if Sarah invites her.
A is affected by B
If B, then A.
If 'invite', then 'go'.

                       A                                                    B
Michelle will not go to Sarah's party even if Sarah invites her.
A is not affected by B

You cannot play more video games even if you ask me a hundred more times.

Michelle would not marry Joe even if he were the last man on Earth.

You have to do your math homework even if you find it boring.

as if - not true, but looks true
Sarah spends money as if she were a millionaire.
My dog eats as if he were starving.
It snowed last week as if it were December.

unless
We can't drive to Seattle unless we get our car fixed.
Sarah can come to our party unless she has to work that night.
Sarah can't come to our party unless she can get off work that night.
Mike won't/can't lose weight unless he changes his eating habits.
I am pretty relaxed about attendance in class unless you miss a lot of class time.

English 12 Grabbers/ Hooks

Begin your paragraph/essay, you can start with a TS.

You can also start by easing into the topic- subtle, sophisticated writing, icing on the cupcake

Grabber / Hook - grabs your reader's attention, makes your reader interested

Creative grabber - hard to do, pressure in a test


7 ideas for Grabbers/Hooks for your writing

1. General to specific statement
Everybody wants to fit in, but sometimes we have to follow out own path.
TS
"...it is more important to do your own thing than to follow the crowd."

FUNNEL - starts wide, gets narrow (focussed)

2. Fact or statistic
-statement of truth
- 4/5, 30%

95% of all people wish they could be freer than they are.
One of the major regrets of dying people is that they didn't follow their own dreams enough.
TS
"...it is more important to do your own thing than to follow the crowd."

3. Anecdote -short personal story (1-2 sentences) that relates to the writing prompt.
"When I was a kid, I always followed my friends, but when I grew up, I started to follow my own interests."
TS
"...it is more important to do your own thing than to follow the crowd."

Personal - endearing to the reader, helps the reader feel connected to you


4. Historical information, relevant
if you know about history

5. Question?
Ask a question.

6. Adage, idiom, expression - any language
saying in a language
In my mother tongue, we say "Seagulls are like gods of the sky."

In Chinese, we say "Women hold up half the sky."

7. Famous quotation from a famous person
A quotation from a person.


7 "go-to" ways to write a grabber/hook

          1. General to specific

          2. Fact or statistic

          3. Anecdote

          4. Historical

          5. Question?

          6. Adage, idiom, expression

          7. Famous quotation from famous           

              person

ADVISE - Write your grabber last. Icing on the cupcake.

Write a grabber for your paragraph.

BLOG haleyshec.blogspot.com

English 12 Topic sentences

Topic sentence - one of the first sentences in your paragraph

Thesis statement - one of the first sentences in your paragraph

Necessary, very important to have one.

No topic sentence = no direction

Write and write and write - no focus

Have to begin with a TS 
- topic sentence, paragraph
- thesis statement, essay

Topic sentence - look at the writing prompt

What is is asking you to write about? What's the topic? What's the question?

Friday "What did Jonathan learn by the end of the chapter?"

on-topic - mirror the vocabulary in the writing prompt 
- key words that we can use

"What did Jonathan learn by the end of the chapter?"

TS By the end of the chapter, Jonathan learned how to achieve a goal.
By the end of the chapter, Jonathan learned that it was important to do your own thing than to follow the crowd.

-mirror that vocab. in the writing prompt

- use synonyms (words that have the same meaning)

learn - came to understand, discovered, adopted, figured out, agree, educated, determine, gain, master

chapter - text, story, reading, 

Jonathan - JLS, the main character, protagonist

TS At the end of the text, the protagonist, Jonathan, comes to understand some compelling truths about the nature of being an individual.

Say the TS simply, or you can say it fancily. But you have to say it.

No plot summary!


Highlight your TS. If you don't have a TS, please write one and highlight it.


Topic sentence - based on writing prompt
                         - topic and controlling idea

Topic is what J learned
Controlling idea is your take on it, your approach, your opinion, your angle

By the end of the chapter, Jonathan had learned how to fly the way he wanted to.

By the end of the chapter, Jonathan had learned how to be alone.

By the end of the chapter, Jonathan had learned that it is better to be true to himself than to try to fit in.

Topic sentence should be one sentence.


Topic sentence - 

- Support sentences
-evidence
-proof
- details
that support your TS

Concluding sentence -restate your TS, end with a general statement, "feel good"
MUNDANE "Our lives will be more colourful."

EF5/6 Adjective clauses

Combine the sentences together using adjective clauses.  Use different styles.

E.g. I have a dog. The dog is white.

I have a dog that is white.

1. May bought a bicycle for her son. Her son wanted a new one.

2. John is leaving Vancouver. He just got a new job in Calgary.

3. Here’s the key. You have been looking for it.

Here’s the key that you have been looking for it. XXX

Here’s the key that you have been looking. XXX

Here’s the key that you have been looking for.

4. Maria bought some BC wine. She enjoys wine from all over the world.

Maria bought some BC wine who enjoys wine from all over the world. XXX

Maria who enjoys wine from all over the world bought some BC wine.

Maria who bought some BC wine enjoys wine from all over the world.

5. Jung has a lot of missiles. They are tipped with nuclear bombs.

6. This quiz is easy. It is on adjective clauses.

This quiz is easy that is on adjective clauses. XXX

This quiz that is on adjective clauses is easy.

This quiz which is easy is on adjective clauses.

whose - possessive, own something

Sarah whose dog is sick looks very worried.
Maria whose leg was broken skiing can't go to school.
Al whose son plays soccer always drives to the games.

Bob is the kind of person to whom one can talk about anything. FANCY, FORMAL
Bob is the kind of person who/that one can talk to about anything. AUTHENTIC, REAL ENGLISH
Bob is the kind of person who/that one can talk to about anything.

One -  person
One must do one's best.

He is person whose friends trust him.

She is a person upon whom you can always depend. FORMAL
She is a person who/that/X you can always depend upon. NATURAL SOUNDING ENGLISH

outlook - attitude, optimistic or pessimistic

Eng12 Epiphany

epiphany "It dawned on me."

Archimedes - crown pure gold? displacement of water - density of gold, measure displacement, measure the mass
"Eureka!" "I have found it!"

Helen Keller - 

autobiography The Story of My Life Chapter IV

birds of prey - hunting birds

his darkest hour - lowest point, rock bottom

moment of honesty, clarity

alcoholics - 

"touch excellence in his learning" - master, epitome

master of their craft - Micheal Jordan, basketball
Bobby Orr - defenseman
Gretzky
Albert Einstein
Da Vinci
Shakespeare
Usain Bolt

he finds his 'tribe' , like-minded people, support system, people who understand him, able to accept himself

parachute, 1912
Gaston Hervieu - successful through trial and error

Reichelt - overconfident, pancake

EF5/6 Paragraph

paragraph - school writing- high school, college, university, work

6-8 sentences

Parts of a paragraph:

First sentence: Topic sentence
-gives the topic and opinion, angle, approach

Topic: Living in Vancouver

Living in Vancouver is very different form living in my hometown.

Living in Vancouver is very expensive.

Your take on the topic - every's will be a little different

Topic: Exercise
Topic sentence narrows down the topic

Yoga elderly people

Topic sentence:
Yoga is an excellent form of exercise for elderly people.

Exercise is good for us. Boring, vague, not specific

Swimming is a great way to get into shape for overweight people.

Topic sentence - narrow down the topic to something specific and interesting

Living in Vancouver is nice. -boring topic, not interesting

I like living in Vancouver for three reasons. HEARD IT A HUNDRED TIMES

As a mother, I like living in Vancouver for three reasons. BETTER, MORE SPECIFIC AND INTERESTING


TOPIC + CONTROLLING IDEA = FOCUSSES YOUR PARAGRAPH



day's eye - looks like the sun   daisy

cat - feline
dog - canine
horse - equine
cow - bovine
pig - supine
chicken?
mule?

3814 Fraser  -16  22nd Avenue
6010 Fraser Street - 16 44th Avenue

2510 Main Street  Broadway (9th Ave)

EF5/6

adjective clauses

subject pronoun
The cat that is sleeping on the couch is a tabby.
'that' is a subject pronoun

object pronoun
The cat that I saw in the window is a tabby.
'that' is an object pronoun

Exercise A
1. Louis knows the woman who is meeting us at the airport. 'who' is a subject pronoun

The woman who Louis knows is meeting us at the airport. 'who' is an object pronoun

2. The chair that/which Sally inherited from her grandmother is an antique. 'that/which' is an object pronoun

Sally inherited a chair that is an antique from her grandmother. 'that' is a subject pronoun

Sally inherited a chair  from her grandmother that is an antique. XXX misplaced modifier - sounds like grandma is an antique

I gave a table to my sister that has three legs. XXX
I gave a table that has three legs to my sister . subject pronoun
The table that I gave to my sister has three legs. object pronoun

3. I sat on a bench which/that was wet. subject pronoun
The bench that/which I sat on was wet. object pronoun

4. The man who I hired him to paint my house finished the job in four days. object pronoun
The man who I hired to paint my house finished the job in four days. Omit 'who' - very authentic sounding
The man who was hired to paint my house finished the job in four days. subject pronoun - 'was hired' passive voice

Voice =active    passive
active voice
Joe ate the apple. subject is doing the verb "Joe ate"
passive voice
The apple was eaten by Joe. subject is doing nothing 'apple'

5. I miss seeing the old woman who used to sell flowers on that street corner. subject pronoun

The old woman who I miss seeing used to sell flowers on that street corner. object pronoun

street corner - noun modifying a noun
'street' is a noun that is acting like an adjective

6. The architect who Mario works with is brilliant. object pronoun
The architect who Mario works with is brilliant.
The architect Mario works with is brilliant.

The architect whom Mario works with is brilliant. FANCY, Too formal
The architect with whom Mario works is brilliant. SUPERFANCY, nobody talks like that

Mario works with an architect who is brilliant. subject pronoun

7. Mary tutors students who need help in geometry. subject pronoun
The students who Mary tutors need help in geometry. object pronoun

The students who need help in geometry Mary tutors. XXX
The students who need help in geometry are tutored (by Mary). 'are tutored' passive voice

geography
geology

***
Mary tutors students that they need help in geometry. XXX
Mary tutors students; they need help in geometry.
Mary tutors students that need help in geometry.

***

8. I took a picture of the rainbow that/which appeared in the sky. subject pronoun

S + V subject + verb

The rainbow which/that I took a picture of appeared in the sky. 'which' 'that' is an object pronoun