EF2/3 Adjective cl practice Ex5

1. I would never marry a person who smokes and drinks too much.
2. My brother bought a dog that has black and white fur.
My brother bought a dog that is black and white.

3. The doctor who treated me was from Pakistan.
The doctor who treats me is from Pakistan.

I was from China. I am from China.

4. She Sarah who got a promotion will never forget the day.
She will never forget the day that she got a promotion. DIFFERENT STYLE

5. Rosa fell in love with the man who has a brother who works in Gino's restaurant. 2 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Rosa fell in love with the man who has whose brother who works in Gino's restaurant.
Rosa fell in love with the man whose brother works in Gino's restaurant.

whose- possession, own something

The little boy whose bicycle was stolen was very sad.

6. Elephants, which eat plants and bushes, are the largest animals in the world.

which - only one, only one kind

Tokyo, which is the capital of Japan, has 20,000,001 M people.

SOMETIMES ,, SOMETIMES NOT

The squirrel that/which is in the tree has a fluffy tail.
My dog that/which is in the yard has white fur.

7. Last month, my brother bought a car which cost $12000.

8. Nestor met a woman who wrote two books.

9. Josie gave her daughter a ring which/that was made of cubic zirconium, not real diamonds.

The ring that/which Josie gave her daughter was made of cubic zirconium, not real diamonds. HARDER WAY

10. Hank Crowley wore a jacket that had black and white stripes.


I like the store that is on Fraser Street.
I have a pair of glasses that are scratched.
His sister who is a nurse lives in Calgary.
Mary lives in an apartment that is in downtown.
We study in a school that is for adults.
He took the ferry which left at 3PM.

My office is in Burnaby.
My office is downtown.

PREPOSTIONS ARE THE HEART OF ENGLISH, THEY ARE ALL IDIOMS

He worked in a restaurant that is/was vegetarian.


A person who doesn't eat meat is a vegetarian.
An animal that doesn't eat meat is a herbivore.

A person who doesn't eat any animal products is a vegan.

A person who eats only fish for meat is a pescatarian.

A person or animal who eats everything is a omnivore.

omni = all
vore= eat

EF2/3 Adjective Clause work

adjective clauses SV

who
that
which

where
whose
whom

MOST USEFUL
who- people
that- everything, you decide
which- things not alive


who
My grandmother likes to play mahjong.
My grandmother who is 98 years old likes to play mahjong.

ADJECTIVE CL GOES AFTER THE NOUN THAT IT IS DESCRIBING
My grandmother likes to play mahjong who is 98 years old. XXX

adjectives go before the noun

the cute dog

the dog cute Spanish

adjective clauses go after the noun

the dog that has white paws

the cute dog that has white paws

which

the LCD projector which is on the cart

the old LCD projector which is on the cart

The old LCD projector which is on the cart is working perfectly.

WHEN YOU USE AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, YOU MUST SAY TWO THINGS ABOUT THE NOUN

My grandmother who has white hair. XXX

My grandmother who has white hair lives in Nova Scotia.

My grandmother has white hair. She lives in Nova Scotia. 2 SIMPLE SENT

My grandmother has white hair, and she lives in Nova Scotia. COMPOUND

My grandmother she who lives in Nova Scotia has white hair.

My car is red. It is old.

My car is red, and it is old. COMPOUND

My car which is red is old.

My car which is old is red.

My car is red which is old. XXX

My car is old which is red. XXX

My sister has a table that has three legs.

My sister has a table that has blue eyes. XXX

who that which

EF2/3 Useful phrasal verbs

https://blog.abaenglish.com/25-most-useful-phrasal-verbs/

http://www.fluentu.com/blog/english/english-phrasal-verbs/

EF2/3 Complex sentence exercises

10. Since she moved to Alberta, she has been feeling happier.
Since she moved to Alberta, she has had to learn to drive.

I have to learn to speak Mandarin.

have to = modal

She didn't learn to ride a bicycle.

4. Although we left at seven o'clock, we were still late for the wedding ceremony.

6. Because you are friendly, you have a lot of friends.
Because you are friendly, so you have a lot of friends. XXX

Because you are friendly, so you have a lot of friends. COMPOUND

Because you are friendly, so you have a lot of friends. COMPLEX

2. Before they had children, they had lots of money and freetime and went on vacations, and had nice cars, and were happy, and the house was clean; also, they were well-rested.

EF2/3 Practice with adverb clauses

1. The car wouldn't start because it was cold outside.
The car wouldn't start because it was out of gas.
The car wouldn't start because the battery was dead.
2.My sister called me last night because she had a bad dream.
bad dream = nightmare   mare=horse

My sister called me last night because she needed me to help (v) her.

My sister called me last night because she needed my/ some help (n).

3. The store was closed because of the storm. SIMPLE
The store was closed because it was very late.
The store was closed because it was after hours.
The store was closed because it went bankrupt/broke.

4. Several people were angry because the Skytrain was late.

5. The kitchen smelled wonderful because my mother was cooking a yummy lunch. 

6. They cleaned up the apartment because their parents were going to visit. 
They cleaned up the apartment because they invited some friends to come over for a party,
They cleaned up the apartment because it was dirty/ filthy/ grubby.
They cleaned up the apartment because they were putting it on the market.

7.My doctor moved to the United States because she likes it there.
My doctor moved to the United States because she got a job there.
My doctor moved to the United States because she was very sick.
My doctor moved to the United States because her family all live in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

8. I want to buy her a gift because she passed her exam.
I want to buy her a gift because of her birthday.
I want to buy her a gift because her birthday is tomorrow.

9. The beach was crowded with people because it was a nice summer day.
The beach was crowded with people because it was a beautiful, lovely day.
       a lovely, beautiful  day.

EF2/3C-56 Adverb Clauses

3. It was a beautiful, sunny day. They decided to go shopping.
It was a beautiful, sunny day, so they decided to go shopping. COMPOUND
Because/ Since it was a beautiful, sunny day, they decided to go shopping. COMPLEX
Although/ Even though/ Though it was a beautiful, sunny day, they decided to go shopping.

4. He turned off the television when/because the show was boring.

5. He turned off the television although the show was very exciting.

6. Jack read the newspaper until Ann came home at six o'clock. 
Jack read the newspaper when Ann came home at six o'clock.
Jack had read the newspaper when Ann came home at six o'clock.

7. Since Tom had no money, Jack gave him ten dollars.
When Tom had no money, Jack gave him ten dollars.
Tom had no money before Jack gave him ten dollars.
Tom had no money until Jack gave him ten dollars.
Tom had no money after Jack gave him ten dollars. XXX COMPLEX
Tom had no money; afterward, Jack gave him ten dollars. COMPOUND

8. While Kelly and Tim ate supper, they listened to music on the radio.
Kelly and Tim ate supper while they listened to music on the radio. *
Whenever Kelly and Tim ate supper, they listened to music on the radio.
While Kelly and Tim eat supper, they listen to music on the radio.
He fell asleep while he was watching a movie.

9. We want to be on time. We must leave right now.
We want to be on time, so we must leave right now. COMPOUND
If we want to be on time, we must leave right now.
COMPLEX
Because/Since we want to be on time, we must leave right now.
We must leave right now because/since we want to be on time.

11. We put on our best clothes. We went to the party.

We put on our best clothes before we went to the party.

We put on our best clothes after we went to the party. XXX

We put on our best clothes when we went to the party. XXX

We went to the party after we put on our best clothes.

We put on our best clothes before we went to the party.

10. She was interrupted by a loud noise when she began to speak to the group.

She began to speak to the group until she was interrupted by a loud noise.

She spoke to the group while there were loud noises coming from outside.

12. Karen gets a pay cheque. She won't be able to buy groceries.
Until Karen gets a pay cheque, she won't be able to buy groceries.
She Karen won't be able to buy groceries until Karen she gets a pay cheque.

Unless Karen gets a pay cheque, she won't be able to buy groceries.

Unless Karen gets a pay cheque, she won't be able to buy groceries.
If Karen doesn't get a pay cheque, she won't be able to buy groceries.

13. When/ Whenever I look at my mother's photograph, I feel homesick.
I look at my mother's photograph if I feel homesick.

14. The police followed the green car because they thought it belonged to a drug dealer.

15. Come live with me next year. I'll help you find a job.
If you come live with me next year, I'll help you find a job.

When/ After you come live with me next year, I'll help you find a job.

I'll help you find a job when you come live with me next year.

Unless you come live with me next year, I'll help you find a job. XXX

Unless you come live with me next year, I cannot help you find a job.

While you live with me next year, I'll help you find a job.

if / even if

A                                      B

I will come to your party if you invite me.

B effects A

A                                      B

I will come to your party even if you don't invite me.

B does not effect A

We will go to the park even if it rains.

We will not go to the park if it rains.

EF2/3 More adverb clauses

SENTENCE TYPES
SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX

complex- adverb clauses, adjective clauses, noun clauses

adverb clauses
because if when

TIME-
when
I drink coffee when I'm tired.
When I'm tired, I drink coffee.

while
She was making supper while he was watching TV.

until
She will work until the project is finished.
I will practice piano until I can play the song.
He will save money until he has enough to buy a new bicycle.

whenever
Whenever the mailman comes, the dog barks.
When the mailman comes, the dog barks.

until till- casual, spoken

because cause- casual, spoken

after
The kids go to bed after 7 o'clock.
The kids go to bed after S V. ADV CLAUSE
The kids go to bed after they brush their teeth.

before
(You) Call me before you leave.

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE- command
Come in. Sit down. Relax.

COMPARISON
than
Fatah is taller than Sarb (is).
Vancouver is (adj) cooler than Tehran (is).

adjectives- comparative

ADJECTIVES
simple- cool
comparative- cooler
superlative- coolest

than (comparative adjectives)
The little girl is faster than her brother.
"than her brother'- adv cl "than her brother is"

Housing in Vancouver is much more expensive than Istanbul.

as... as
Fatah is as tall as her mother.
Is housing in Vancouver as expensive as Toronto?
The dog is as much a part of the family as the kids.
Your new guitar sounds as good as his (does).

My phone looks like John's phone.
Sarah looks like her mother.
Sarah looks like the same as her mother.

TIME
as soon as - exactly when

Call me when you get home.
Call me as soon as you get home.

as soon as possible
as soon as you can
as soon as it is ready
Tell me when your vacation is as soon as you know.

Can you come to work early tomorrow? Come as early as you can.
as adj as

MOST IMPORTANT because, if , when
than, before, after


REASON
because since
She is wearing a sunhat since it's very sunny today.
She is wearing a sunhat because it's very sunny today.

CONDITION
if
Let's go see Planet of the Apes if you're free. 
If you're free, let's go see Planet of the Apes.

I'm going to see Planet of the Apes if/whether you're free or not.

although/ even though/ though

EF2/3 Adverb Clauses

because- reason why

She is wearing sunglasses because it is very sunny today.

She is wearing sunglasses MAIN CLAUSE

because it is very sunny today. ADVERB CLAUSE

Because it is very sunny today, she is wearing sunglasses.

She is wearing sunglasses because it is very sunny today.

It is very sunny today because she is wearing sunglasses.

DOES THIS MAKE SENSE? NO. IT’S NOT LOGICAL

It is very sunny today; therefore, she is wearing sunglasses.

COMPOUND

Because it is very sunny today, she is wearing sunglasses. COMPLEX

She is wearing sunglasses because it is very sunny today.

COMPLEX

Separate the difference between complex and compound.

COMPOUND , SOBA

if- maybe yes, maybe no

If it rains, we will not go on a picnic.

We will not go on a picnic if it rains.

We will not go on a picnic MAIN CL

if it rains. ADVERB CL

If A, then B.

If B, then A. XXX

If you study hard, you will be successful.

If you are successful, you will study hard. XXX LOGIC

when- time

(You) Call me when you have time.

When you have time, call me.

He called me when he got home.

He called me MAIN CL

when he got home. ADVERB CL

When he got home, he called me.

because when if

He died because he was old.

He was old because he died. XXX DOESN’T MAKE SENSE. NOT LOGICAL

She is sad because she will move to a new city. DIFFERENT VERB TENSES

We went to Squamish because it is nice there.

EF2/3 Quiz verb with infinitives and gerunds

1. enjoy park
May enjoys reading in the park, and she likes to walk in the park.
May enjoys reading in Stanley Park.

2. prefer holiday
Ahmed's family prefers to spend their holiday in Alberta.
Ahmed's family prefers spending their holiday in Alberta.

3. need hospital
Joe broke his leg, so he needs to go to the hospital immediately.

6. keep shirt
Nancy keeps looking for a new skirt, but she can't find one.

7. I decided to go to the party with Tom, and we had a good time.

8. finish dishes
My sister finished washing the dishes.

9. want phone
I want to phone her.
I want to take a picture, so may I borrow
your phone?

10. recommend get
The salesman recommended getting a new printer.

The salesman recommended me getting a new printer. XXX

The salesman recommended that I get a new printer. GOOD!

EF2/3 Modals

walk

We must walk to work. SIMPLE

The car won’t start, so we must walk to work. COMPOUND

must “to walk”

must walk

must to walk XXX

must walking XXX

must walked XXX

drive

You should drive slowly in the snow. SIMPLE

should “to drive”

It is snowing, so you should drive slowly. COMPOUND

3. You must try this new restaurant; everything is free.

4. You should buy a new bike.

You shouldn’t buy a new bike

5. Can I take a photo?

6. Hanson must fix the roof of his house, but he should be careful up there.

7. You should never talk loudly in the hospital.

You shouldn’t talk loudly in the hospital.

You can’t talk to him; he won’t listen.

8. Can you cook rice by yourself?

She should cook make her famous spicy seafood soup.

He can’t cook very well; usually, everything is burnt or raw.

9. The little kid must return his books to the school library on time.

10. I will put the keys on the table.

You can’t put a hat on a tiger.

one-word modals

EF2/3 Quiz comp sent

Did you call me last night?
Did you call me last night, or did I only dream that?
Did you call me last night, and I wasn't home. XXX
Did you call me last night?, and I wasn't home. XXX

Did you call me last night? I wasn't home.

COMPOUND QUESTION- both sides have to be questions

Do you like ice cream, or do you like cake?

Do you hope McGregor will win, or do you hope Mayweather will win?

EF 2/3 Practice for test- verbs plus infinitives and gerunds

PRACTICE FOR TEST

1. dislike job

Maria dislikes doing her new job.

1. finish project

Joe finished repairing the project.

1. hope vacation

Sarah hopes to go on vacation to Mexico.

1. prefer dog

She prefers to have a dog.

She prefers having a dog.

1. recommend bus

I recommend taking the bus to Granville Island.

I recommend you to take the bus to Granville Island. XXX

1. afford bicycle

Maria can afford to buy a new bicycle.

1. decide ferry

Sam and Joe decided to take the ferry to North Vancouver.

1. need jacket

Michelle needs to wash her ski jacket. 

1. enjoy ice cream

Robert doesn't enjoy eating green tea ice cream.

Mary enjoys making ice cream.

1. like movie

Susan likes to watch movies.

Susan likes to see movies with you.

Susan doesn't like seeing movies with loud eaters.

Susan liked watching the new war movie.

Susan doesn't like to watch Jackie Chan movies.

EF2/3 Compound sentences Ex 3 and 4

7. William and I are buying a car; as a result, we can go anywhere we want.
William and I are buying a car, so we can go anywhere we want.

EF2/3 Quiz3 Compound sentences

MAKE THESE SENTENCES COMPOUND BY ADDING A CLAUSE

1. The house is hidden by the trees.
The house is hidden by the trees, but we found it.
HARDER
The house is hidden by the trees; however, we could find it.

2. Jane and I made a date for next week.
Jane and I made a date for next week, and we will go to Whistler in my helicopter.
HARDER
Jane and I made a date for next week; therefore, I will get a haircut.

3. Father was very tired.
Father was very tired, so he went to sleep.
HARDER
Father was very tired; however, he had to work.

YOUR CHOICE
, SOBA
, FANBOYS
; XXXXXX,

EF2/3 C-53 Compound sentences

4. Do you want to go over to Jim's house? Would you rather stay here?

Do you want to go over to Jim's house, or would you rather stay here?

Do you want to go over to Jim's house; if not, would you rather stay here?

Do you want to go over to Jim's house; on the other hand, would you rather stay here?

on the other hand = choose between two things

1. Jack bought me a pair of earrings, and Jill gave me a matching necklace.

Jack bought me a pair of earrings; also, Jill gave me a matching necklace.

Jack bought me a pair of earrings; in addition, Jill gave me a matching necklace.

2. I was hungry, so I went to the kitchen to make a sandwich.

I was hungry; therefore, I went to the kitchen to make a sandwich.

I was hungry; as a result, I went to the kitchen to make a sandwich.

3. She applied for a job, but they hired someone else.

She applied for a job; however, they hired someone else.

She applied for a job; unfortunately, they hired someone else.

She applied for a job; sadly, they hired someone else.

MOST IMPORTANT ONES- therefore however

5. He was ready to leave, but something told him to stay a little longer.

He was ready to leave; however, something told him to stay a little longer.

EF2/3 semicolons

COMPOUND SENTENCES

SV ,SOBA SV.
She went to the beach yesterday, and she went to a party.

She went to the beach yesterday; also, she went to a party.
HIGH-LEVEL WRITING

The little kids can go to Playland, or they can go swimming.
The little kids can go to Playland; otherwise, they can go swimming.

It is a very hot sunny day, so you should wear sunscreen and a hat.
It is a very hot sunny day; therefore, you should wear sunscreen and a hat.
The price of housing in Vancouver is extremely high; therefore, many young families must move outside of Vancouver.

It is interesting; however, it is difficult.

EF2/3 Test 1 simple compound sentences

1. There were good bargains at Winners.
I bought a new phone for $50. That was a bargain.

ART - articles

a, an, the

a = any thing, not sure which one
the = a specific thing, we both know which one

She got a new dog. The dog is very cute.
I study English at a adult school. The school is called South Hill.
Yesterday, he went to a park.
Yesterday, he went to the park.

Please drive me to an/ the airport.
You can take a/the bus to Stanley Park.
The car is parked in front of our house. It's our car.
A car is parked in front of our house. Who owns it?

She parked in the parking lot.
She parked in a parking lot.

3. She bought some nice new/used/vintage clothes.
The little boy always ruins his clothes.

6. Starbucks is a chain store, and it is popular.
She liked the silver chain, so she bought it.
Her grandmother gave her an antique gold chain, and it is beautiful.

antique = very old

7. He wants a new kitchen, so he goes to a hardware store.

8. The paper price  The price of paper is low, so she buys a lot.

9. He got the wrong medicine from London Drugs, so he got a refund.

10. There is a 20% discount on bicycles, so she can afford to buy a new bicycle.

SIMPLE SENTENCES
COMPOUND SENTENCES

EF2/3 Subject verb agreement

1. Singular and plural subjects

One dog is running in the park.
Two dogs are running in the park.

#1 mistake!!
Two dogs is running in the park.

SIMPLE SUBJECT- 
The cat with the white paws has/have ten kittens.

Knowing the grammar is not the same as being able to use it.

2. Each/ every- singular
Each child has a toy.
Every kid likes ice cream.
Each of the children has a toy.
Each of us needs to do our work.
Every class has a final exam.
ALL SINGULAR
Everybody
Everyone
Everything
Anybody
Anyone
Anything

Somebody
Someone
Something

Noone

Nobody

Nothing

Everybody is/are here.
Everything is working now.
Someone is calling your name.
Everywhere in Vancouver is beautiful.

SAME MEANING
Everyone is happy.
Everybody is happy.

Nothing is wrong. Everything is OK.
Noone is not here. Everyone is here. Noone is absent.
There's noone here.

3. A lot
Some
Most
% percentage
3/4 fraction

singular/ plural

A lot of the movie was boring.
A lot of the movies were boring.
Some of the pizza is cold.
Some of the pizzas are cold.
Some of the children is/are tired.
Some of the pages are wet.
Some of the book is wet.

Most of the class is women.
Most of the students are women.
Most of the people are on vacation.
Most Canadians have cars.
Most Canadians have a car. STRANGE

20% of the people are unemployed.
40% of the work is done.
50% of the job is done.
20% of the jobs are done.

persons- VERY UNUSUAL

90% is/are a good mark.

Fractions
1/2 one half
1/3 one third
2/3 two thirds
3/4 three quarters
3/5 three fifths
5/8 five eights

16/64 sixteen sixtyfourths
1/25 one twenty fifth
2/25 two twenty fifths

x/2
x/3
x/4
x/8
x/16

100/100 a hundred hundredths
Hundreds and hundreds of years ago. DIFFERENT
A long time ago, in a place far away, there lived a magic princess named Jane.

100% is a great mark for Math 12. 

EF2/3 Quiz Compound sentences- possible solutions

Quiz 2 Compound sentences

, FANBOYS     , SOBA

SV ,SOBA SV.

1. people work

People must work, but they don’t like it.

She works with elderly people, and she likes it.

2. place travel

He wants to see many places, so he travels every summer.

I want to travel to many places, so I must save money.

3. smoke quit

She smokes, but she wants to quit.

Smoking is bad for your health, so you should quit.

4. free start

The exercise class is free, but it starts at 10pm.

Tim Horton’s is giving away free donuts, and it starts today.

5. public walk

We like to walk in public parks, and we take our dog with us.

6. lost phone

She lost her phone yesterday, so she bought a new one.

EF2/3 Common Idiomatic Uses of Prepositions

Common Idiomatic Uses of Prepositions

           

All prepositions are used as idioms. Dictionaries won’t help.

‘at’’in’- full definition, won’t be meaningful

phrasal verbs- very important

1.         Some friends dropped in on us last night.          visit without calling first,

come to a person’s house without planning first

2.         The plane took off at exactly ten o'clock.             left

                                   

3.         I came across an old friend on Fifth Avenue yesterday.          met without expecting to, found

                                   

4.         He is a man that everyone looks up to.    respects, admires, everyone wants to be like him

                                                                       

                                                           

6.         We waited until ten o'clock, but she never showed up.                        came, arrived, appeared                

7.         They set out at dawn on their camping trip.                    began, went, left

            She left China and set out on a new life in Canada.

            set up- arrange, organize

            set out- began

PHRASAL VERBS = verb + preposition

                                   

8.         The lawyer will draw up the contract tomorrow.              write

                                   

9.         In this code, each number stands for a letter of the alphabet.             represent

            x + y = z

            At the wedding, her uncle stood for her father who was in jail.

           

10.       Many students have dropped out of our class.               quit, withdrew

                                   

11.       No one knows how she managed to get away from the police.          escape          

                       

12.       I am sure that Jim made up that story.                                                     

           

13.       How did such a strange thing come about?       happen, occur

                                               

14.       The sounds of their voices gradually died away.           slowly faded, got quieter

                                   

15.       Zelda is into transcendental meditation as a means of relaxation.

                       

16.       I can't make out what she means in this telegram.        understand

17.       You have made out this cheque incorrectly.                                                     

18.       Did you take in the Rodin exhibit at the National Gallery last month?

           

19.       They are taking on more workers at that factory.            hiring, employing

20.       Last month, they had to lay off several hundred workers.        fire, Employment Insurance

                                   

21.       Our sales have fallen off recently. dropped, gone down, dropped off-huge reduction

                                               

22.       An usher stood at the door giving out programs.                                               

23.       The car turned over twice before landing in the lake.                          

24.       He will turn over all his property to his children.                                    

25.       As soon as the rain lets up, we will leave.                                              

26.       The effects of the drug will wear off in a few hours.

                                   

27.       You must put an end to such foolishness. stop

            Put an end to your fighting.

                                               

28.       Our apartment looks out on the UBC campus.   overlooks, has a view of

                                               

29.       They are trying to stir up trouble among the smaller nations.  cause trouble

            The little boy is always stirring up trouble with his sister.

           

30.       We were all taken in by his smooth manner of talking. tricked, believe the lie

            The politician is a smooth talker. He is a good liar.

            The used car salesman is a smooth talker.

            He is a smooth talker with the single women.

            The customer was taken in by the smooth salesman.

EF2/3 Practice quiz- compound sentences

1. year festival
Vancouver has a fireworks festival, and I go every year.

2. people visit
3. race winner
4. market buy
5. breakfast wash
6. rules sports

EF2/3 C-51 Compound sentences

1. Jim cut the grass. Ed weeded the garden.
Jim cut the grass, and Ed weeded the garden.
Jim cut the grass, but Ed weeded the garden.
Jim cut the grass, so Ed weeded the garden.

2. I was tired last night, so I went to bed early.
I was tired last night, and I went to bed early.

4. The sun is shining, but it is still cold.

The sun is shining, yet it is still cold. UNUSUAL

5. Mr. Smith earns a lot of money, but he never saves any.

Mr. Smith earns a lot of money, so he never saves any.

6. Jack needs a new jacket, for he lost his leather one. UNUSUAL

Jack needs a new jacket because he lost his leather one. COMPLEX

He lost his leather one, so Jack needs a new jacket. 

Jack lost his leather jacket, so he needs a new one.

VERY NATURAL SOUNDING

7. Tom had no money, so Jack lent him ten dollars.

Tom had no money, but Jack lent him ten dollars.

8. We have to leave in ten minutes, XX I will be late for my appointment.

We have to leave in ten minutes, or I will be late for my appointment.

I don't want to be late for my appointment, so we have to leave in ten minutes.