Good morning, everyone.
We will get started at 8:30
Today’s Agenda
·
Continue verb tenses- modals/modal auxiliaries
Practice
·
New dialogue “Going Shopping”
·
Prepare for Test#2- paragraph
·
Finish “Odd Word Out”
Wednesday
·
Test#2 - paragraph
·
Begin complex sentences- overview of adverb,
noun, and adjectives clauses
·
Continue with verb tense
Thursday
·
Continue complex sentences- adverb clauses
Modals are
auxiliary verbs that are used with other verbs to express ability, obligation/necessity,
possibility, invitation, permission, or requests. Below is a list of the most
useful modals and their most common meanings:
auxiliary –
extra AUX
Modal Meaning Example
One-word
modals
can to express ability I can speak English very
well.
I
can’t speak Kurdish.
VERB FORM
can +infinitive
–‘to’
can + to
go = can go
I can go
You can go
The dog can
go
We can go
You can
going You can went
SIMPLE
PRESENT
We go
She goes
can to request permission Can I go to Foundations 4?
Can
I go to the bathroom?
could to express possibility I could help you tomorrow.
We could
paint the room tonight.
I could see
the sunset from my window yesterday.
Could you
help me?
Could I do
the test today?
may to express possibility(polite) I
may/might be late for class.
may to
request permission(very formal, polite)
May I take the test, please?
May I go to
the bathroom? (very polite)
May I help
you?
May I…?
You may have
some ice cream.(very formal)
may- used
for polite quesitions “May I borrow a pencil?”
“May
I take a picture with you?”
may-
sentence- strangely formal “You may borrow a pencil.”
“You
may take a picture?”
CASUAL- Yes.
Sure. No probllem. Feel free.
*similar meaning,
different function
maybe-
adverb Maybe we will go to the
party. adverb
may be –
verb She may be a little late today. verb
may go
May I have
your phone number?
FIRM, BUT
POLITE I’m sorry, I don’t give out my number. No, thank you. I’m not willing to
do that. I am not comfortable doing that. We are not interested. I don’t give
to door-to-door vendors. I will check your website and decide.
Some salespeople
will not take ‘No’ for an answer.
might to express possibility She might call you later.
We
might have a test on Friday.
Jun
might go shopping tonight.
might + to
go
EXAMPLES I might visit
my friend tonight.
Maybe I/she/he/Jun/you will
visit my friend next Tuesday.
I
might have a coffee now.
must to express obligation I must leave at 4 o’clock.
You
must go to bed at 10.
He
must take his medication.
Drivers and
passengers must wear their seatbelts at all times.
She must use
sunscreen in the summer. She’s very fair.
VOCAB fair(adj)
even, honest
pale skin
UNUSUAL FOR
A QUESTION Must I take a test?
Do I have to
take a test? AUTHENTIC
Does he have to take this medicine?
NEGATIVE You
must not drive without a driving license.
should to give advice You should go to the doctor.
You should
visit my country. I think that you would like it.
I should go
to the club where you play guitar.
I should
take a bath after I go to the gym.
Mei should to
listen to music.
Jun should
buy groceries because his fridge is empty.
IDIOM Don’t ‘should’
me. Stop ‘shoulding’ me!
NEGATIVE You
should not fight with your brother.
He shouldn’t work so hard.
He’s going to get sick.
will to show future I will not take my car
today.
She will
keep working on her tennis serves.
NEGATIVE She will not/won’t go to work tomorrow.
I will not
forget to renew my license.
Jun will not
forget the appointment.
He will not
remember the new vocabulary tomorrow.
I will not
come to school tomorrow.
I won’t do
my homework.
would to request or offer Would you prefer a tea or
coffee?
Would you like to take a break?
NOTE “Could I ....”
“Would you ....”
“Would you
like some coffee?”
“Would you
like some dessert?”
“Would you
like some anything else?”
“Would you
like a beer / bill?”
bill /
cheque
“Could I
have the cheque/bill, please?”
statement of
preference- She would like to try the game.
Butter would
like to go for a walk.
I would like
a cup of tea, please.
What would
you like?
What would
you like me to do?
**
shall – used very rarely, too formal “Let take
our ten-minute break,
shall we?”
If you want
to use, you can use for a very formal-sounding invitation.
“Shall we
leave?”
“Shall we go
out?”
*Japanese
movie, remade in English “Shall We Dance?”
“Shall we ダンス?”
very polite
invitation – shall, rare
“Shall we
go?”
“I shall call you.” Nobody
talks like that.
one-word modals
can
could
may
might
must
should
will
would
shall- rarely used
HIGHER LEVEL MODALS
There are also two and three-word modals,
Two-word modals:
-had better –
should “You should / had better talk
with your mom.”
“You had better stop arguing with your sister.”
“I had
better renew my licence.”
-have to – must “Today,
I have to return these Amazon packages.”
“I
have to clean my house.”
“She
has to go shopping.”
“I
have to call her back.”
“He
has to go to the airport now.”
QUESTION “Do I have to send you an email?”
“Do I have to take his advice?”
“Do I have to take my vacation days now?”
“Do I have to solve the problem?”
“Does she/he have to make an appointment?”
NEW ONE?
-ought to – should “You ought to finish school so you can
get a
better-paying job.”
“He
ought to quit smoking.”
PRON ot to
-used to – habit in
the past, not anymore
“She used to do yoga.”
“Jun
used to live in Calgary.”
“I used to go
mountaineering wih my friends.”
ANOTHER MEANING
‘used to’ – feel comfortable, accustomed to
She got used to
Vancouver after a few months.
I have to get used
to different accents when peopls speak English.
I used to play tennis, but now I play
pickleball.
I used to be a reporter, but now I am a cook.
cook(n)- a person who cooks, a chef
cooker(n)- a
machine that heats up food, a stove, a cooktop
She is a cook. She
bought a new cooker.
I used to exercise
every morning when I was younger. Now I am too busy to workout that much.
I used to
work eight hours a day, but now I work six hours a day.
I use used to
Three-word modals:
-be able to – can
“The dog is able
to/can run and catch a ball in his mouth.”
“She wasn’t able to
attend the meeting.” “She couldn’t come to the meeting.”
“I was able to/could
watch the fireworks.” could
“You will be
able to pass EF4.” suggests the future
-be going to –
similar to ‘will’-
MY SIMPLE
EXPLANATION – will – decide on the spot
-
am going to –
already decided
-be supposed to –
strong ‘should’, expectation, understanding
“Family is supposed
to be supportive, but sometimes they are not.”
“You were supposed
to take the garbage out.”
“He is supposed to
get to class on time.”
“You were supposed
to call me yesterday. What happened?”
-have got to – very
strong, stronger than ‘must’
“You have got to
address this problem with your father-in-law.”
address(v)- talk
about, deal with a problem
“You have got to
lock the door when you go out.”
“You have got to
take your medication everyday.”
must – have to –
have got to
You have got to follow
the doctor’s directions to address your health issues/problems.
He has got to cut way down on sugar in order to
manage his diabetes.
cut down- PHRASAL
VERB- reduce(v)
She has got to touch the doorknob 13 times before
she can leave.
OCD – obsessive
compulsive disorder
compulsive actions-
can’t resist doing actions
obsessive thoughts-
can’t stop thinking about something
CBT- cognitive
behavioural therapy
trauma- dealing with trauma
Trauma comes out in the body.
You don’t have to carry that around for the
rest of your life. You can find ways to put it down. A therapist can help.
*** IMPORTANT
Most anything you want to say can be expressed
with a one-word modal.
REPEAT
The grammar
is like this:
modal +
infinitive without ‘to’
e.g. can + to eat
can eat
The teenager can eat three slices of
pizza.
will + to finish
The builders will finish the project by
early December.
have to + to call
Maria has to call her sister about the
party.
Jun has to lose weight.
be supposed to + to go
John is supposed to go to the party,
but he might be too
busy.
had to + to call
I had to called
call three mechanics yesterday.
modal +
another verb
can +
infinitive –‘to’
can + to
run
can run THE
VERB DOESN’T CHANGE
I can run.
You can run. The dog can run. Your grandmother can run.
modal verb
do not change with the subject
I run. You
run. She runs.
Two-word
modals
had better – strong ‘should’
You should
to stop smoking. You had better stop smoking.-stronger
You had
better call your doctor and reup/refill your medication.
You had
better get your schoolwork in order.
have to –
must
You have
to get to work on time.
You must
get to work on time.
The Grade 10
students have to study more than they did in Grade 9.
We have
to pay the bills.
ought to –
should
I ought
to call my sister. I haven’t spoken with her in several years.
You should
call your mother.
I should
have to graduate from SHEC before I can go to college.
I must
graduate from SHEC before I can go to college.
used to- did
in the past, not now, no one-word equivalent
Sarah used
to do yoga, but now she is too busy with family and work.
Bhin used
to live in Thailand, but she has been in Canada for many years.
Mei used
to travel a lot, but not so much in the last few years due to Covid.
Joe used
to be married.
He used
to drink a lot. That’s why his wife got rid of him.
She gave him
the boot.
LOOK
SIMILAR, DIFFERENT MEANINGS
MODAL used
to- did in the past, no longer do
CONFUSING
NOT A MODAL
get/be used to- feel comfortable, be familiar with
Shirin
didn’t like Vancouver at first, but then she got used to it.
Jes gets up
early every morning. He doesn’t mind. He is used to getting up early.
Dave is not
used to trying different kinds of food. He is picky/fussy/choosy.
Three-word modals
be able to- can
She is not able to come to the meeting
tomorrow.
I am not able to come to class Friday.
I can’t come to class Friday.
She can’t come to the meeting tomorrow.
Sarah can speak English, Farsi, and
French.
Sarah is able to speak English, Farsi,
and French.
Can you pick up some almond milk before
you come home?
POLITE Are you able to pick up
some almond milk before you come home?
She is not able / unable to make it to
school today.
She can’t come to school today.
Jose has been unable to walk since his
accident.
I am unable to take your call. Please leave me
a message.
The difference between ‘be going to’ and ‘will’.
When did the make the decision?
right now – will
in the past – am going to
be supposed
to – should/must, obligation, your responsibility
I was
supposed to get some dog food, but I forgot.
I am supposed
to put my stuff in storage today.
I am
supposed to work today.
have got to-
very strong ‘must’
You have
got to take your medication on time.
I have to
pick up my son after school.
I have
got to eat breakfast, or I will feel faint.
You have
got to check your stove before you leave your place.
Mom, you
have got to remember to turn off the stove.
Exercises:
Choose appropriate modals for each:
1. I didn’t
feel very well yesterday. I _____
eat anything.
2. You _____
look at me when I am talking to you.
3. I was using
my pencil a minute ago. It _____ here
somewhere!
4. My boss told
me that I really _____ be late again to work.
5. If you don’t
start working harder, you _____ repeat the course next year.
6. Phone her
now. She _____ be home by now.
7. You _____
forget your sunscreen. It’s going to be
very hot!
8. I _____ be
able to help you, but I’m not sure yet.
9. Mozart _____
play the piano beautifully as a child.
10.
I really _____ try to get fit.
11.
_____ I take a photograph of you?
12.
Students _____ borrow up to 15 books at any
time.
13.
Whose bag is this? I don’t know, but it _____ belong to Yuta.
14.
_____ I go to the bathroom, please?
15.
His excuse _____ be true, but I don’t believe
it.
16.
_____ you speak French? Only a few words, but my Russian is pretty
good.
17.
_____ you help me move this table?
18.
I _____ help you, but I don’t want to.
19.
_____ you open the window, please.
20.
I _____ move the table. It was too heavy.
21.
You _____ eat so much chocolate. It’s not good for you.
22.
I’m afraid I _____ play tennis tomorrow. I’ve got a dentist appointment.
23.
You can come to the meeting if you want but
you _____.
24.
I’m so hungry I _____ eat a horse!
25.
The test starts at 10.30. You _____ be late.
26.
How did you do in the test? Ok. It _____
worse!
27.
You _____ tired. You’ve only just got out of
bed!
28.
_____ be very pleased with herself. She got
the best grades.
clothing
blouse- fancy top, silky material, feminine looking
a crewneck t-shirt
a v-neck t-shirt
a turtle-neck sweater
accessories
ring
earrings
necklace
belt
hat
bracelet
bangles
I am putting on the ritz.
IDIOM fanciest clothes- glad rags
I put on my glad rags for the wedding.
She is all dolled up.
PJs
vest- sleeveless sweater with buttons
A three-piece suit has vest.
sweaters
cardigan- old man sweater
pullover- a sweater with no buttons, pull it over your head,
often a knit sweater
He pulled over his car.
pantyhose- sheer material
sports jacket- like a suit jacket, but different colour
pants
-less formal
than a suit
blazer-
tie-necktie, bowtie
**“Odd Word Out”**
15.
fifteen 15
fifty 50
16, 60
14, 40
13, 30 thirteen,
thirty
fin / thin
He is very stiff.
She has a very rigid personality.
chip
cheap
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