Good morning, everyone.
Today’s Agenda
Friday- Final day
·
Teach modal auxiliaries
·
Return optional replacement quiz/test
No optional RW for bonus point
·
Return “Self-Assessment Reflections”
·
One-on-one meetings if you want
·
Final marks and reports
I will submit final marks and reports to the
office on Friday at noon.
COMING UP
·
FINISH “Odd
Word Out 2” from two weeks ago
·
Verb tense- modals
**Replacement Quiz**
Write an appropriate sentence for each:
SIMPLE SENTENCE
1. SSV beach
COMPOUND SENTENCES
2. and market
3. so warm
COMPLEX SENTENCES
4. since late
5. when like
6. if try
**Replacement test (150w+) or essay (300w+)
Write a paragraph or essay on the following topic.
What are your next steps for developing your English skills?
Modals/ Modal Auxiliaries
modals / modal auxiliaries
model
modal(adj) mode(n)
music modes-
photocopier/printer – modes
auxiliary verb- extra verb, helper verb
modal auxiliary – extremely useful, high-frequency
Example:
can
can + eat can eat
I can eat
You can eat
They can eat
MOST HIGH-FREQUENCY MODALS
one-word modals
-can
-could
-may
-might
-must
-shall RARELY USED
-should
-will
-would
two-word modals
-have to
-need to
-ought to
-used to
three-word modals
-be able to
-be going to
-be supposed to
-have got to
GRAMMAR FOR MODALS
modal + infinitive – ‘to’
infinitive “to go”
might + to go = might go She might go home early
today.
You
might go home early today.
I
might go home early today.
She
might go home early today.
SIMPLE PRESENT
subject/verb agreement SV AGR
I go
You go
He goes
MODAL
should + to go = should go
I should go
You should go
She should go
We should go
NEXT LEVEL
might + go to sleep
might be GERUND
might be sleeping
might be working
MODAL + INFINITIVE –‘to’
must + to try = must try We must try to be
patient.
You
must try these wontons.
*shall
I shall ... Forget
it!
We shall go. NOT COMMONLY USED
possible for polite invitation, affected, formal: Shall we
go? Let’s go.
Shall we dance?
Shall We Dance Japanese movie
Not common English- very special usage
I use ‘shall’ everyday in this class.
Let’s take a break, shall we? POLITE
Verb structure for modals:
modal + infinitive – ‘to’
*will – simple future
e.g. will + to
watch= will watch
Mei will watch her
sister play violin in the orchestra tonight.
We will take a
month=long break.
Modals- the verb doesn’t have to agree
will go
I will go
You will go
We will go
She will go
HANDOUT
“10-10 Summary Chart of Modals and Similar Expressions”
*may- permission
May I order a coffee? -polite request
You may leave early. VERY POLITE, VERY FORMAL, NOT COMMON
Commonly used “You can”
“Can I have a coffee?” MORE AUTHENTIC, MORE CASUAL
CHOICE: May I Can I
*might- maybe yes, maybe no
He might go to party. might + to go
COMMON ERRORS
He might goes to party.
XXX
He might went to party.
XXX
He might going to
party. XXX
HIGHER LEVEL EF6
might + am going
might + to be going
might be going
She might be sleeping.
MODALS SUGGEST TENSES
She might be sleeping. suggests the present , now
HIGHER LEVEL
She might have been sleeping
when you phoned her. suggests the past
‘might’ is more commonly used than ‘may’
She might have been sleeping
when you phoned her. MORE AUTHENTIC
She may have been sleeping
when you phoned her. GRAMMAR BOOK
*should- advice
should + to ABC
I should try the new flavour of ice cream.
ERRORS
I should to try the new flavour of ice cream.
I should trying the new flavour of ice cream.
I should tried the new flavour of ice cream.
YOUR ONLY OPTION
I should try the new flavour of ice cream.
*ought to- should
two-word modal
ought to + to call
I ought to call my sister more often.
*had better – strong should, closer to ‘must’
MEANING It would be better if you did this.
My son had better go to
bed early tonight.
He had better leave his
country before a war starts.
*be supposed to – obliged, responsibility
three-word modal
Students are supposed to get to class on time.
We are supposed to will finish our class today.
I am supposed to have to get my marks in this afternoon
I am supposed to go to work, but I might not.
Kids are supposed to read everyday after school. Do they?
You were supposed to clean up the bathroom yesterday. Why
didn’t you do it.
I am supposed to pick up my daughter from school, but my boss
asked me to work late.
Am I supposed to bring anything to the party?
Is that little kid supposed to be playing with those sharp
knives?
Is your hair supposed to look like that?
*must
The doctor said that I must
quit smoking.
She must get to work on
time.
*have to – weak ‘must’
We have to get groceries tomorrow.
He has to pick up his daughter at/from school.
have to – has to
I have to
He has to
We have to
Sarah has to
have to = need to
You need to calm down.
He needs to get a
better job.
She needs to be more proficient
in English.
We need to buy a car.
*have got to – very strong ‘must’, really important
I have got to take my
medication every day.
A diabetic person has got
to watch their sugars.
He has got to return the
money that he borrowed from Big Louis. ADJ CL
I have got to pay my
parking ticket by tomorrow, or the price will go up.
She has got to bring her
passport to the airport.
She has got to remember to bring
her passport to the airport.
NEW VERB FORM
I have to remember to call my sister.
He remembered to send a birthday card.
*will- simple future
*be going to- simple future
*can- ability
She can speak three
languages.
Can I borrow your phone for a second?
*could – possibility, request
Could you help me?
Could you drive me to the airport?
I could bring an extra tent if you want.
We could try a new dance if you like.
could – suggests the future
can/could
Can you help me? Could you help me?- almost the same
meaning. ‘could’ sounds a little deferential
deferential- excessively polite, too much
suggests the past
He could to have gone
to the US, but he decided to come to Canada.
He could have gone to
the US.
He has gone to the US.
I could run fast when I
was a child.
I could swim when I was
five.
I couldn’t find my
phone this morning. – suggest the past
I could/can pick you up
tomorrow if you want. suggest the future
I can swim two km.
suggest now
I can drive tomorrow. more forceful, confident
I could drive tomorrow. more deferent
*be able to- ability NOT AS COMMONLY USED
He will not be able to come
to class tomorrow.
*would
Would you like tea or coffee?
I would like some coffee, please.
*used to – activity in the past
She used to drink
coffee, but (now) she switched to yerba mate.
She used to drink
coffee, but now she prefers yerba mate.
yerba mate- substitute for coffee, very healthy
She used to do yoga,
but now she is too busy.
He used to be able to write Chinese characters,
but he forgot most of them.
He was able to
write Chinese characters, but he forgot most of them.
used to use to
COMPLICATED VERB She used
to be able to speak Arabic, but she forgot a lot of it.
EASIER VERB She used to
speak Arabic, but she forgot a lot of it.
Jun used to play
badminton when she was a kid. She doesn’t play any more.
He didn’t used to like
sushi, but now he can’t get enough of it.
IDIOM can’t get enough- really like it
I lived in Turkey.
SIMPLE PAST V TENSE
I used to live in
Turkey. MODAL- suggests the past
I was able to live in Turkey. I was not able to live in the
US.
He was not able to enter the US.
She was not able to enter the US legally, so she snuck
across the border.
Most useful/highest frequency modals- one-word modals
I will pass everything back. Then I will start doing final
reports.
You can just relax and party.
